If three different SPF’s are tested on how well they protect your skin, then SPF 50 will protect your skin the best, because SPF stands for sun protection factor, which is the amount of time it protects your skin in the sun, so SPF 50 should protect your skin the best and for the longest period of time.

UV radiation:

How many types of UV rays are there?

There are 3 kinds of UV rays, (UVA, UVB, UVC). When sunlight passes through the atmosphere most UVB and all UVC are absorbed. The UVA ray barely gets absorbed and that ray that affects your skin the most.

What are the different wavelengths of UV radiation?

Between the 3 UV rays, there are 3 different wavelengths. UVA has the longest wavelength with anywhere from 315-400 nm (Nanometer), then UVB with 280-315 nm, and UVC, which doesn't affect humans with a 100-280 nm wavelength.

What do the different types of UV rays do?

UVC has shortwave length and is the most damaging but it gets completely absorbed in the atmosphere. UVB rays will cause delayed burning or tanning and it also causes skin ageing. UVA rays go deeper into the skin and cause immediate burning or tanning. It also contributes to aging and wrinkling. UVA rays can also cause cancer.

UV radiation technolagy:

What is the difference between tanning lamp UV rays and the sun’s UV rays?

Tanning equipment usually gives stronger radiation than the natural sun's UV radiation. On average, tanning equipment can make up to 10X the sun's UVB rays and anywhere from 2 - 14X the sun's UVA rays. This is usually the case for tanning beds but other equipment like tanning lamps is about the same as the sun’s UV radiation.

What machine produces UV rays similar to the sun’s UV rays?

Most indoor tanning equipment produces artificial UV radiation. This includes indoor tanning beds, booths, and lamps. Like the sun's UV radiation, indoor tanning equipment uses the UV rays to make the skin release a pigment of melanin, which is what absorbs the UV rays and makes your skin darker/tanned.

UV rays and sunscreen:

Can sunscreen damage your skin more than UV radiation?

In most cases, no. Even though some ingredients in the sunscreen do get absorbed into the skin or bloodstream, it does not mean it is harmful or unsafe.

How does sunscreen block UV radiation?

Different chemicals can either scatter or absorb the UV rays. Titanium dioxide or zinc oxide usually scatter UV light and a mixture of different substances absorbs all types of UV radiation.

What’s the percentage of how much UV rays each SPF blocks?

SPF 15 - Blocks 93% of UVB rays

SPF 30 - Blocks 97% of UVB rays

SPF 50 - Blocks 98% of UVB rays

SPF 70 - Blocks 98.5% of UVB rays

UV radiation extra:

Is one UV ray worse than the others?

UVA rays are estimated to be up to 95% of the UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface. UVB still damages your skin but not as much as UVA rays.

How does the sun produce UV rays?

The sun produces three kinds of UV rays. UVA, UVB, and UVC. It’s not just the sun that makes UV rays or radiation. There are multiple ways UV radiation is caused; such as tanning technology, like tanning beds and lamps. On the internet there is no eligible source with data on how the sun creates UV rays

Sunscreen:

How does sunscreen work?

Sunscreen uses chemical compounds to either absorb the UV radiation, spread it out, or deflect it. It works for both UVA rays and UVB radiation. The chemical blocks could be Zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

Does sunscreen guarantee not damaging your skin?

Sunscreen will help protect you from the sun and UV rays, but it doesn’t guarantee to will not get a burn. If you do it correctly then you shouldn’t burn for the SPF factor used.

Who created SunBum and when was it made?

Sun Bum was created in 2010. The creator of Sun Bum is Tom Rinks and he was good at marketing to help get Sun Bum sold and known around the globe

Chemicals in sunscreen:

What chemical is the least harmful to humans in sunscreen?

The safest chemicals in sunscreen are zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. These ingredients are minerals, so they are the safest for sunscreen. This is also why mineral sunscreen is less harmful to use.

What chemicals are the most harmful in sunscreen?

Lots of ingredients are considered harmful in sunscreen. However, some of the most popular chemicals that are considered harmful are Oxybenzone, Octinoxate, Homosalate, Avobenzone, Octocrylene, and Octisalate.

Which works better; chemical or mineral sunscreen?

The big takeaway is that both chemical and mineral sunscreens work when used correctly. But mineral sunscreen is better for people with sensitive or acne-prone skin. On the other hand chemical sunscreen is more water and sweat-resistant usually making it last longer in the sun.

What is an active ingredient and what is an inactive ingredient?

Active ingredients are the ones that protect your skin from harmful UV radiation. Inactive ingredients preserve and hold together all the other ingredients, but they don’t actively protect your skin.

What’s the difference between active and inactive ingredients?

The difference between an active ingredient and an inactive ingredient is that the active ingredient is actively protecting your skin from the sun and UV radiation but an inactive ingredient just holds the ingredients together from separating and it makes the active ingredients useful.

What is Oxybenzone in sunscreen?

Oxybenzone is an organic sun filter that is made from carbon. This filter mainly absorbs the sun's UV rays (UVA and UVB). Some people believe that this filter is harmful but there is research done to prove that sunscreen is not harmful.

What is Octinoxate in sunscreen?

Octinoxate is considered a non-mineral UV filter. It gets absorbed into the skin and is considered a moderate hazard. But in most cases, the sun can be more damaging.

Chemicals in sunbum:

SPF 15: 

Active ingredients: Avobenzone 2%, Homosalate 5%, Octisalate 2%, Octocrylene 10% 

Inactive ingredients: Water, butyloctyl salicylate, hydrated silica, styrene/acrylates copolymer, dimethicone, VP/hexadecene copolymer, polyester-8, caprylyl methicone, ethylhexyl stearate, trideceth-6, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, fragrance, sodium polyacrylate, behenyl alcohol, dimethyl capramide, ethylhexylglycerin, trimethylsiloxysilicate, xanthan gum, polyaminopropyl biguanide, tocopheryl acetate, BHT, disodium EDTA, methyisothiazolinone

SPF 30: 

Active Ingredients: Avobenzone 3%, Homosalate 5%, Octisalate 3%, Octocrylene 10%

Inactive Ingredients: Water, butyloctyl salicylate, hydrated silica, VP/hexadecene copolymer, styrene/acrylates copolymer, dimethicone, polyester-8, caprylyl methicone, ethylhexyl stearate, trideceth-6, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, fragrance, sodium polyacrylate, behenyl alcohol, dimethyl capramide, ethylhexylglycerin, trimethylsiloxysilicate, xanthan gum, polyaminopropyl biguanide, tocopheryl acetate, BHT, disodium EDTA, methyisothiazolinone

SPF 50: 

Active ingredients: Avobenzone 3%, Homosalate 10%, Octisalate 5%, Octocrylene 10%

Inactive ingredients: Water, butyloctyl salicylate, hydrated silica, VP/hexadecene copolymer, styrene/acrylates copolymer, dimethicone, polyester-8, caprylyl methicone, ethyhexyl stearate, trideceth-6, glyceryl strearate, PEG-100 stearate, fragrance, sodium polyacrylate, behenyl alcohol, dimethyl capramide, ethylhexylglycerin, trimethylsiloxysilicate, xanthan gum, polyaminopropyl biguanide, tocopheryl acetate, BHT, disodium EDTA, methylisothiazolinone

SPF 70: 

Active ingredients: Avobenzone 3%, Homosalate 15%, Octisalate 5%, Octocrylene 10%

Inactive ingredients: Water, cetyl palmitate, hydrated silica, acrylates/C12-22 alkyl methacrylate copolymer, caprylyl methicone, styrene/acrylates copolymer, cetyl dimethicone, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, polyester-8, trideceth-6, dimethicone, ethylhexyl stearate, fragrance, phenoxyethanol, dimethyl capramide, sodium polyacrylate, trimethylsiloxysilicate, xanthan gum, BHT, dipotassium glycyrrhizate, tocopheryl acetate, ethylhexylglycerin, tetrasodium glutamate diacetate

SPF information:

Why does SPF matter?

SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is important because it tells us how long it will take for UV radiation to redden our skin when the product is being used.

What is SPF?

SPF stands for Sun Protection Factor. It tells you how well the sunscreen will protect your skin from UV rays. It also tells you how long it will protect your skin.

How does a sunscreen brand make a sunscreen higher in SPF?

Products that have a high SPF have a higher concentration of sun-filtering chemicals. Those chemicals include oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, and octinoxate. Some of the active ingredients in usually mineral sunscreen are zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. One thing to look out for is that the higher the SPF the more artificial ingredients are used.

When was SPF created?

SPF was invented after the first sunscreens were made. The protection factor was used in 1962 by Franz Greiter who also created the first modern sunscreen. His sunscreen had an SPF ranking of 2.

UV patches and stickers:

What is a UV index?

UVI is also known as the Ultraviolet index. Which is on a scale from 1-11 and it indicates the amount of skin damage the UV rays reaching the Earth can cause you.

What’s a UV patch/sticker?

A UV sticker is a small shape, (usually a circle) that detects ultraviolet radiation from the sun. A UV patch is the same thing but it's usually bigger and not all the time is meant to be placed on the skin.

How do UV patches/UV stickers work?

For UV patches, you stick them on your skin, apply sunscreen normally, and wait for it to turn a colour (usually purple). It indicates that your skin is protected from UV rays if it does. The UV stickers have special colour-changing ink that tells you if you’re protected. 

Why were UV patches created?

UV patches and stickers were made to be able to detect the sun's ultraviolet radiation. They turn a darker colour, (usually purple) to tell the person who is wearing sunscreen that they need to re-apply.

Skin Cancer:

What cancer does the sun cause?

The sun causes skin cancer. There are three main skin cancers, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. There are also less common skin cancers like Kaposi sarcoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and Sebaceous gland carcinoma. Melanoma can also be caused by other things but the sun is one of the reasons it’s formed.

What is bad about cancer?

Cancer can affect a person in many different ways. One way is neurological, such as hearing loss, vision changes, seizures, or headaches. It can cause pain, nausea, fatigue, breathlessness, etc. Cancer disrupts the cellular destruction and renewal process. 

What is bad about skin cancer?

Any cancer is bad, so that includes skin cancer. It can severely damage your skin cells and DNA. It can create bumps or patches on your skin. It can also change the size, shape, or colour of your skin. In the US about 1 in 5 people have had skin cancer at one point in their life. Skin cancer can spread and go deeper affecting other things such as your organs or brain.

How does the sun cause cancer and damage to your skin?

The sun causes one kind of cancer, skin cancer. There are multiple kinds of skin cancer and some are worse than others. It’s not directly the sun that causes the cancer, it's the UV rays that it produces. There are three kinds of UV rays but only two affect your skin. UVB rays are the rays that go past the surface of your skin and into the epidermis and burn your skin. UVA rays are the rays that go even farther than that. They go into your dermis and Age your skin. But the UV rays will Damage the DNA cells in your skin and mutate the cells. If DNA damage builds up over time it can cause skin cancer.

What kinds of skin cancer are there and what is skin cancer?

There are three major types of skin cancer; melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells. In most cases, skin cancer is caused by sun exposure. There are also less common skin cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and Sebaceous gland carcinoma. 

Basal cell carcinoma skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma usually occurs when areas of your body are exposed to the sun, most commonly your face or neck. This form of skin cancer may appear as a waxy or pearly bump on the skin, a recurring scab, or a flat/flesh-coloured or brown scar.

Squamous cell carcinoma skin cancer

Most often, Squamous cell carcinoma happens when parts of your body, like your face, ears and hands are exposed to the sun. People with darker complexion are more likely to develop this type of skin cancer in areas of their body that aren’t often exposed to the sun. Squamous cell carcinoma usually looks like a firm, red nodule or a flat tumour with a scaly, crusted surface.

Melanoma skin cancer

Melanoma can form anywhere on your body. It can form from an existing mole or tag on your skin. For men, melanoma will appear on the face or trunk. For women, the cancer usually develops in their legs. For both males and females, this skin cancer can form without sun exposure. Melanoma can affect anyone of any skin tone. It usually looks like a large brownish spot with dark speaks, a sub-normal mole, or a painful area that itches or appears in unusual colours. 

Tanning equipment:

How do tanning lamps work?

Tanning lamps emit an artificial amount of UVA and a small amount of UVB rays. The percentage of UVA rays and UVB rays differs on the tanning lamp. To make the artificial UV radiation, an electric current passes through mercury vapour gas under low pressure, which then becomes ionized. So in conclusion the UV emission results from energy transferred between elections and the gas atoms.

What makes a tanning lamp good?

Tantinating lamps usually have very little UVB radiation and the majority UVA, so it is 5 - 11.9% UVB and 88.1 -  95% UVB. The people who find the most success in tanning lamps are an indicator that they found a good combination of UVA and UVB rays. Tanning lamps have a timer setting for safety reasons because of an excessive amount of Ultraviolet light.

Manipulated (Independent)	The SPF of the sunscreen.
Responding (Dependent)	How well the sunscreen protects the skin (UV patch) from UV  radiation.
Controlled group	A UV patch/sticker with no sunscreen (Represents skin without any sun protection).
Controlled Variable	The same sunscreen brand, amount of UV exposure time, amount of sunscreen on UV patch/sticker, size of UV patch/sticker, environment, tanning lamp, tanning lamp setting/level, brand of UV patch/sticker.

1. Buy and gather all materials necessary.
2. Find an open counter space big enough to fit the tanning lamp and UV patches/stickers.
3. Set up the tanning lamp and choose the setting that is what you think is best to be used for this experiment, this setting will be used every trial.
4. Divide UV patches/stickers into 5 groups of four and save the extra UV patches/stickers for other trials.
5. To get the group of UV patches in their group of 4, place one by one in the group, slightly overlapping, if you have some excess space between patches/stickers that is okay.
6. Repeat step 5 until all 4 groups of UV patches/stickers are placed on the surface, 5cm apart from the group put down before.
7. Once done placing the UV patches/stickers into their groups, leave the first one untouched, as that will be our controlled group. Use the measuring spoon, half a teaspoon, and the lowest SPF sunscreen (SPF 15).
8. Measure out half a teaspoon of sunscreen and evenly distribute the sunscreen over one group of UV patches/stickers.
9. Clean the measuring spoon and dry it, then repeat step 8 with a different SPF sunscreen, the one that is stronger than the one you just applied.
10. Turn on the tanning lamp and set a timer for 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes. Once the last timer goes off, write observations.
11. Once done with the trial, clean up the workspace, and repeat steps 5-12 for multiple trials, at least 5, aim for 10.
12. Once done, update all data and photos to slides or docs.

1. The UV patches reacted immediately to the tanning beds’ radiation
2. The no SPF turned into a deep/dark purple, indicating that the skin would have been burned.
3. The tanning bed radiation gave off a warm, burning feeling.
4. Once the 10-minute timer on the bed turned off, the patches quickly became less purple, indicating they were not as bad of a burn.
5. All of the SPF’s look really similar, but no SPF was heavily affected by the radiation.
6. It looked like all of the SPF’s worked the same until 20 minutes in the radiation.

Trial 1 photos:

Trial 2 photos:

Trial 3 photos:

Trial 4 photos:

Trial 5 photos:

Trial 6 photos:

Trial 7 photos:

Other Photos:

Shows the UV patches with the sunscreen applied, before going into the bed, the recommonded tanning time for your skin color and amount of time tanning, tanning bed.

We did seven trials with the tanning bed; 1-4 had a full 30 minutes in the bed with a 4-minute break in between every 10 minutes. The other trials, 5-7, only had 20 minutes in the bed with a four-minute break in the middle.

Trial one showed that no SPF was heavily affected by the radiation and was dark purple, compared to the patches with protection. SPF 50 was the lightest out of the bunch and was the least affected. When we compared SPF 15 and 30 there was no visible difference, but still way less radiation hit the patches, compared to no SPF.

The second trial was very similar with no SPF being the most “burnt”. To my suprise SPF 30 was the next in line for being affected. The next two SPF’s, 15 and 50 looked the same but 50 was slightly lighter.

Trial three was a surprise, with SPF 15 doing the best. Again, no SPF was a deep purple, indicating a burn. SPF 30 was almost as dark as no SPF, but visibly, you could tell there was a difference. SPF 50 was the 2nd most “protected” and was not that purple. However, there is always the source of error, such as an unequal amount of sunscreen on the patches, making one more protected.

Trial four had the least amount of total radiation hit the patches. We could tell that by no SPF being a lighter purple than in the previous trials. SPF 30 was the lightest, almost a clear purple. SPF 50 was the second most protected. SPF 15 wasn’t too far behind but still noticeably darker.

The next three trials only had 20 minutes in UV radiation and were affected not less, but the same as the other trials.

Trial 5 went as we anticipated with SPF 50 being the most protected, SPF 30 coming next then SPF 15 being the closest shade to the no SPF, which was a medium purple.

Again, in trial 6, SPF 30 was a surprise and came out on top, being the lightest. SPF 50 was close, but not as protected as 30. SPF 15 was just a mid-purplish color, while on the other hand, no SPF was a deep purple.

Trial 7 was the darkest out of all the trials, indicating that the most UV radiation was shown on the lights. All the SPF’s looked the same; SPF 50 was very slightly lighter, but no SPF was much darker.

In conclusion, our hypothesis was correct. SPF 50 did offer the most protection out of the three available SPFs: 15, 30 and 50. SPF 30 was a very close second with a ranking of 20/70 compared to SPF 50’s 19/70. SPF 15 wasn’t too far off with a rank of 24.5/60. No SPF showed that sun protection is very important because it had a ranking of 49/70.

Again, in conclusion, we were correct, and SPF 50 provided the most protection and worked the best in the tanning beds' UV radiation.

 

The sun can be very damaging, and the radiation it produces can cause bad burns that may also lead to skin cancer. This is why we thought it would be necessary to find a fix and show people that wearing your daily sunscreen is crucial. This experiment shows that yes, a higher SPF will help better protect your skin, but the difference from no SPF to SPF 15 is a huge jump. So a lower SPF is better than no SPF, and more pigmented/darker skin tones will not burn as easily. So, testing the sunscreens' SPF shows that it is important to wear and reapply sunscreen to not have to suffer unnecessary consequences.

1. Trials 5-7 only were able to get 20 minutes in the tanning bed
2. The tanning bed we were able to get had a controlled but extreme amount of radiation.
3. The amount of sunscreen might not have been the same for every UV patch group.
4. The area and spacing of the UV patches weren’t all the same because it can’t be perfect.
5. The photos taken and printed are not the best quality due to the UV radiation light in the tanning beds.
6. We had a 4-minute break every 10 minutes because we had to reset the bed.
7. The excessive amount of radiation ended up hardening the sunscreen on top of the UV patches, which may have affected how well or bad the sunscreen protected the patch.

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Firstly, thank you to Mrs. Burkell, who helped us get into CYSF and finish our project. Another thank you to Mr.Bykovskikh, our Grade 8 Science Fair teacher. Lastly, thank you to Brian, Dijana's dad, who got us the time to use a tanning bed, and drove us there.