CYSF

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Problem

Objective: To find give a through and clear answer on why we know so little about the deep parts of our oceans?

Question:

Why do we know so little about our oceans? Today we have special devices to take us in to the depths,but we still have only had three people reach the deepest points in our ocean;the Mariana Trench. This got me wondering on why it's so difficult and the struggles we had to go throught to reach these depths.

Method

Method:

The first things I need to accomplish are :

What are the risks of deepsee exploration
What challenges have we had to overcome
What is the science behind the action
What examples are able to show how deep see exploration is hard
What happend to the Titian Deeepsea Challenger

Reasearch topics :

What we use to explore our ocean
what we have accomplished
what materials do we use
what great things have we done
where we do our work

Next I make a detailed synopsis of each question showing :

Important details In the reaserch
Making tiny diaramas to explain in a more visual way.

Research

Underwater Exploration

This project,is centered around the study of marine exploration so the first thing i looked for are the risks of underwater exploration.

Risks

Tempature

The tempature at the bottom is 4 degrees celcius and the dencest of water. The tempature may not seem cold but because of it's denceness it is was colder then it may seem compared to the 20-27 degree water you would see at the top of the ocean in the twilight zone. The tempature is also importan because we neeed to make sure that the submeesibles are well ventilated and heated to allow the humans inside the cradft to stay comfortable and safe. When James Cameroon head of the Deepsea Challenger Mission was sent to the boototm of the Mariana trench,(the deeepest part of the ocean) on the test drive he lost seven pounds of water and suffered form heatstroke symtoms beacause o the one hundered percent humiddity inside ofhis submersible.This problem was later ffixed to allow Jmes a safe endevor to the the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Since we also know that metal contracts becauce of Kinetic energy . Kinetic energy is when particles either expand of contract this is the reason why powerlines droop in summer because they are expanding and have no place to move so they move down. The opposite happens when thwy are cold and they become strait because they have contracted. Similarly, Metals all contract and expand at different rates which os why scientists study and make sure they have the correct metals to use so they dont fail when in cold ans high pressure areas.

Pressure

Pressures at the bottom of the ocean are insanely high.The preassure ot the bottom of the ocean is 16000 psi so if it were to het inside a sunb it would immediitly damage any human. Then we also have the risks of implosion. This is a high risk because if the materials of our underwater craft were to be to weak and implode we would lose not only that craft but also all reasearch along with it. Today now thogh we use FEA's with stands for Finite Element Analyasis which allows us to simulate the pressure of the ocean ares we choose to explore.

Darkness

The darkness or the Midnight , Abysall and Hadal zones is emence. In these zones unlike the sunlight zone and or twilight here is no t even the tinyest amount of light. The creatures and organisums have adapted to the dark climate and so do we. Thats why we makesure to create bright and strong lights. But we alao make sure to make the lights non reflective so not as to reflect the marine snow and blind the cameras or viewpoint window. We can look athe example of ROV Little Hercules this robat is made to be able to document the see floor, It uses sensores and sonar scans to document the sefloor and little organisums.

Communcation

Communtions underwater are difficult because radio waves don't travel for underwater. Thats why we use acustic communications to communicate NAU"s and other underwater craft whith signals able to travel 3168 feet.The communications underwater is also hard to transmit videos photos and recordings. ROV's use a long wire that connects then to there mother ship allowing them to transmit their data that way. Sadly,ROV"s can only dive 6000 meters so now were trying to make a new wirless connected ROV and AUV data transmiter.

Corrosion

Corrosion is the amount of failure certin metals have to different things. For example we use the Galvactic Corrosive Table to help us understand haow differnt metals react to different things.WE know that gold is a very good underwater material since it is not easily erroded and it is safe from corrosion but at the same time it is also heavy and expensive so we use something very close to it instead and use titanium and is cheapefr and lightweight compared to gold.

Since we have looked over the main causes and risks of Undwrwather explorationwe will now talk about why it's so important tthat we do this resaerch and use it for our future and the next generation.

The use of underwater reasarch laps from curese to diseases to overall curiosity. The main reason anyine ever puts effort into a project is because of their wonder of what it might unfurl. When we look into the ocean we see dolphins nd clownfisgh but when we dive deeper outside the continential shelf it's quite literally unclear what lies beoned when we cans ee. Thats why we made it so we ccan see it. Underwater inqyiies have broght us to some of the greatest conclusions. For example we see large teeth nearly 18 centimeters long and then we have the two centimeter one and it makes us think where dd this come from. We then have found coutless letalone millions of different species under the reach aof the sun that have helped us to be able to make some discoveries rhat have changed he world forever.One of the most famous is rthe TItanic only found recently due to our new technologies.It had taken many yearss to find that wreck and when it was it took the world by storm.

Now we use underwater crafts such as ROV's,NAU"s and subs to do our underwater exploration. scuba has also allowed us to fufil thus work. But we're not talking about what underexploration has done in the twilight and sunlit zone . No,today we using these technologies to discover the treenches and the deep areas of the oceans. I'll be discussing how each of these technologies have helped us today fist well discuss:

Why Is it Difficult to Create Reliable Deepsea Exploration devices?

Human Occupied Vehicles

Human occupied vehicles or HOVs are used for data collection in underwater exploration this includes things such as submarines used mostly in war to mapp and move from place to place out of enemy eyes.But submersibles such are used to collect information of our deepocean. We can look at he example off the deep sea explorers and how it is a submersible to collect information such s photos and samples. These vehicles allow us to have face to face analysis of the oceans.HOVs are also harder to make because they require the requirements of comfortability and most importantly oxygen.

Unmanned Underwater Vehicles

Unmanned Underwater Vehicles also known as UUVs consist or underwater drones,cameras and robots. Such vehicles us radio and sonar signals to create information and photos to us. Using these thing they are also able to move and be in places humans aren’t able. Since they don't require any life support and because of their shape they are able to maneuver themselves into places and stay underwater longer to finish whatever research is needed.

Deepsea Challenger

The Deepsea challenger is a submersible that took over a decade to completely prototype test and finally come to a final product.One thing about this submersible is its the only sub that is diving vertically.The reason the deepsea challenger is so successful is because of the effort that was put into making it. The head of this expedition is James Cameroon he is partnering with National geographic to make this outstanding and water shaking deep sea dive.The Deepsea Challenger was a submersible HOV made to explore the unique life of the mariana Trench .The dive was off the coast of the Philippines and took two and a half hours to complete its mission and when it did it came up with more information on this famous trench.

Titian Oceangate

The Titian Oceangate was a underwater submersible that's mission was to go and research and make observations on the sunken Titanic to make a deeper insight on things that could have been overlooked in the past. The Tittians mission was sadly cut short after it imploded only 3346 meters under the surface. They lost contact shortly before this with their support vessel which brings up how communication is so important to remember when we do underwater exploration because if the crew had been able to help the preoccupation:Stockton Rush,Paul-Henri Nargeolet,Hamish Harding and Shahzada Dawood and her 19 year old son Suleman Dawood.

Little Hercules

Little Hercules was launched in 2011 and was a 4000 feet ROV thats mission was to document the water around indonesia as part of the Index-Satal 2010 mission which was led by Dr. Robert Ballard and the Office of Ocean Exploration att e NOAA. The original plan was for the Hercules the larger and more advanced version of Little Hercules.This shows how long it takes to make these underwater vehicles and how it interfered with Hercules mission.Little hercules was sent out in 2011 and went o make data collections on the deep ocean around indonesia I continued to explore the “Garden of Eden” discovered on 1977.

How Does Our Efforts To Explore Our Deep Oceans Help Us Today And In The Future?

What is it’s effect.

The effect of our research of the deep ocean has helped us to be able to learn more about our world. We have known about the twilight zone since 1942. We had no idea what was laying under our feet.We only started to discover what was in the deeper parts of our oceans less than one hundred ago and during these last 83 years we’ve discovered 242000 new marine species.The ocean also allows us to enjoys foods that require underwater ingredients. They ocean also provides us with medical products ingredients that help fight cancer,Arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Prices

Even with the amazing work that ROVs and AUVs do they still cost a fortune.THe work of these robots are crucial to the future of the planet and as we continue to explore the 80%of the ocean that we have left untouched we try to make the materials and resources more affordable but also continue to make them reliable.The classic mini ROV you can by can cost a few thousand dollars ,but a refined and working class ROV skyrockets into the millions are we have to use specialty made foams and metals such as aluminum and syntactic foams.AUVs use similar with their materials less though then ROVs with there prices going from 50000 to 6 000 000 dollars. But you have to account for tests,workers and research all jobs all things needed to be paid for. Money was a problem when NASA started exploring the ocean the government stopping the funding and the mission concluded.

Difficulties

The difficulties include all the risks that we’ve just discussed but also because of all of the preparations . When building underwater mobiles we need to take into account the design make sure that each thing is built reliability and efficiently to ensure the result. We always go through an extensive design process.Looking at subs like the Deepsea Challenger it took numerous tests and improvements adding up to seven years of building and refining to get the craft to it’s final product. We can look at examples such as the Deepsea Challenger that took many years of designing compared to the sadly failed Titian Oceangate.

How Does Our Efforts To Explore Our Deep Oceans Help Us Today And In The Future?

What is it’s effect.

The effect of our research of the deep ocean has helped us to be able to learn more about our world. We have known about the twilight zone since 1942. We had no idea what was laying under our feet.We only started to discover what was in the deeper parts of our oceans less than one hundred ago and during these last 83 years we’ve discovered 242000 new marine species.The ocean also allows us to enjoys foods that require underwater ingredients. They ocean also provides us with medical products ingredients that help fight cancer,Arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Funding

Even with the amazing work that ROVs and AUVs do they still cost a fortune.THe work of these robots are crucial to the future of the planet and as we continue to explore the 80%of the ocean that we have left untouched we try to make the materials and resources more affordable but also continue to make them reliable.The classic mini ROV you can by can cost a few thousand dollars ,but a refined and working class ROV skyrockets into the millions are we have to use specialty made foams and metals such as aluminum and syntactic foams.AUVs use similar with their materials less though then ROVs with there prices going from 50000 to 6 000 000 dollars. But you have to account for tests,workers and research all jobs all things needed to be paid for. Money was a problem when NASA started exploring the ocean the government stopping the funding and the mission concluded.

What are we doing now.

We continue with our efforts and continue to work hard in our deep sea endeavors Deep-sea missions are underway exploring diverse areas, including the remote tropical Pacific Ocean, the Chilean coast, and the waters off Alaska.In the last months of last year we learnt of a new species that thrive near ocean vents .Then later we found a huge conflagration for crabs moving somewhere spanning a great 400 meters long.WE continue to make scientific discoveries and take missions to the depths we can be sure that we’re going to accomplish great things,Because of our now great technological feats we’ve been able to send countless AUVs,HOVs,ROVs,and UUVs to the depths and make many technological discoveries that have changed the world for the better. One example is what scientists are doing in the Hadal zone right now.The HADEX program is setting out to compare life found in the hadal zone by studying its abundance and diversity in 1,000-meter intervals from 4,000 meters to the deepest points of trenches.

What are we going to do in the future?

Continuing in our study we plan on ongoing our plans to research the arctic waters,Ocean chemistry,ocean archeology and more . We look forward to the The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census,a mission to discover new species and makes new discoveries. We intotal in this mission have found 866 new species and continue to find even more.This project really showed how much we don't know about our oceans.

Now and in the future we plan to continue the Beyond the Blue missions research mission to discover more of about the Pacific ocean.This is also a mapping expedition raising awareness for the need for knowledge for our pacific oceans.

How do we do our exploration? At what cost ?

Our impact

Our impact when conducting underwater exploration is huge.One of the main reasons is because we bring light into areas that have never seen light. When we map these treacherous landscapes we see things and terrains undeniably difficult to surpass.We’ve been able to send few HOVs ti the bottom of the ocean and many AUVs but as we continue to discover more on these underwater environment it leads us to wonder our impact.

Our oceans have a large impact form us first:

Habitat destruction

Habitat destruction is caused when we do deep sea mining these cause us to harm organisms and other creatures that lived there.

Noise pollution

Things like deepsea mining and other deepsea activities and disrupt marine life.This also can cause lasting affects on marine ecosystem since their complicity is so fragile. Thes are just two of our many examples.

What we use.

Our ecological footprint is large consisting of habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, noise and light pollution, sediment plumes, and the release of toxins, potentially causing irreversible damage to fragile deep-sea ecosystems. As said these have irreversible damages on our environment and leave us with a large footprint. We use programmed AUVS,ROVs and manned HOVs such as the Deepsea challenger to explore the depth but at what cost some may ask.

When we do our exploration we put countless organisms at risk our vehicles have damaged environments and other life down in the depths.Thogh with our tech robots use their cameras and sonar signals to alert them to be aware of their surroundings.

Data

Water zones

these show the depth of each area of the ocena had haow truly deep we travel.

This shows how much off our resources come from the ocean and jyst how much we use them

Conclusion

At the start of this research study i asked the question why we know so little about our deep se and now after months of research i can tell you why.

Our deepsean is made of five zones each getting increasingly darker,colder and having more pressure and those are some of the problems we face when we make our UUVS and HOVs to withstand these challenges. Its difficult though because of the certain low corrosion materials needed. Our awareness for these environments is also key s we try to have a low impact on the surrounding aquatic life.Then as with everything we asls must make sure that we have the correct funding and look over all the risks these are the many reasons why deep sea exploration is a challenge because it's not something we know about and that's why we continue to work hard to find answers to these question everyday.