If I use an iron battery with a copper cathode, then it will be better than other alternatives because copper has 8 valence electrons and the problems with them will not affect their voltage and consistancy aswell as copper has a strong pull for electrons therefore meaning more volts.

How do iron batteries work? 

The iron is exposed to air and creates rust,therefore producing electrons.

How do NA batteries work?

Sodium batteries useions to transport the electrons.

How do copper batteries work?

I can't find a copper battery, but I can find a penny battery which consists of zinc and copper.The penny battery uses the zinc inside as the beggining,the copper as the destination,and cardboard soaked in vinegar as the electrolyte.The first ever battery also used zinc and copper.That battery actually used acidic materials to link the two materials and used an oxidation reactoin for where the zinc is to unleash electons,and a reduction procces for the copper.

How do zinc batteries work?

The common procces to extract electrons is to use oxidation.[penny battery]

How do aluminum batteries work?

In aluminum batteries they use aluminum chloride carries the aluminum ion to where it can be used.Also in aluminum batteries they use aibs.

What are the problems with zinc batteries?

Some problems with zinc batteries are that the anode has dendrite formation and expieriences corrosion and passivation.

What are the problems with aluminum batteries?

The corrosion of the anode causes problems.The battery has materials that have a low electrolyte capacity and the capacity also decays.The electrolyte will not tolerate water and is quite expensive.

what are problems with iron batteries?

A big problem with iron batteries are that they'requite large and they recharge slowly.

What are problems with sodium batteries?

A problem with sodium batteries is energy density.

What are benefits of sodium batteries?

The benefits of sodium batteries are they are abundant,low cost,energy efficent power, pretty much no overheating or thermal runaway, and they are fast to charge.

What are the benefits of iron batteries?

The 4 main benefits of iron batteries are safety,increase sustainability,practicality, and cost efficency.

What are the benefits of zinc batteries?

Zinc batteries have a long life cycle and high specific energy.

What are the benefits of aluminum batteries?

They can charge fast and can show a faster charge for longer than lithium.

My controlled variables are:

The container

the voltameter

the crocodile wires

the vinegar

My dependent variables are:

the consistency of the volts

how many volts it gives you

My independent variable is:

The materials

The size

Step 1: Gather copper metal,  metal, zinc metal, iron metal, vinegar, vinegar, crocodile wires, a voltmeter,1 litre beaker/jar,tape, a notebook, and a pencil.

 

Battery 1:

Step 1. Identify the zinc and copper

Step 2. Place the zinc vertically inside the side of the jar and tape the top of the zinc to the jar

Step 3. Place the copper vertically inside the other side and tape the top of the copper to the jar as well.

Step 4: Pour 1 ½ cups of vinegar into the jar containing the zinc and copper (make sure the two materials aren't touching each other).

Step 5: Hook the teeth of the red crocodile wire directly onto the copper and hook the teeth of the black crocodile wire directly onto your zinc. 

Step 5:Hook the teeth of the other side of the black crocodile wire to the metal part of the black knob on the voltameter.

Step 6:Hook the teeth of the other side of the red crocodile wire to the metal part of the red knob with the number “3” directly under it on the voltameter.

Step 7: Measure the volts shown on the voltmeter once every minute for 15 minutes(Each small line represents 1/10 of a volt) (write what the voltameter shows you in your logbook).

 

Battery 2:

Step 1. Identify the aluminium and copper

Step 2. Place the aluminium vertically inside the side of the jar and tape the top of the aluminium to the jar

Step 3. Place the copper vertically inside the other side and tape the top of the copper to the jar as well.

Step 4: Pour 1 ½ cups of vinegar into the jar containing the aluminium and copper (make sure the two materials aren't touching each other).

Step 5: Hook the teeth of the red crocodile wire directly onto the copper and hook the teeth of the black crocodile wire directly onto your aluminium. 

Step 5:Hook the teeth of the other side of the black crocodile wire to the metal part of the black knob on the voltameter.

Step 6:Hook the teeth of the other side of the red crocodile wire to the metal part of the red knob with the number “3” directly under it on the voltameter.

Step 7: Measure the volts shown on the voltmeter once every minute for 15 minutes(Each small line represents 1/10 of a volt) (write what the voltameter shows you in your logbook).

 

Battery 3:

Step 1. Identify the iron and copper

Step 2. Place the iron vertically inside the side of the jar and tape the top of the iron to the jar

Step 3. Place the copper vertically inside the other side and tape the top of the copper to the jar as well.

Step 4: Pour 1 ½ cups of vinegar into the jar containing the iron and copper (make sure the two materials aren't touching each other).

Step 5: Hook the teeth of the red crocodile wire directly onto the copper and hook the teeth of the black crocodile wire directly onto your iron. 

Step 5:Hook the teeth of the other side of the black crocodile wire to the metal part of the black knob on the voltameter.

Step 6:Hook the teeth of the other side of the red crocodile wire to the metal part of the red knob with the number “3” directly under it on the voltameter.

Step 7: Measure the volts shown on the voltmeter once every minute for 15 minutes(Each small line represents 1/10 of a volt) (write what the voltameter shows you in your logbook).

 

Battery 4:

Step 1. Identify the iron and aluminium

Step 2. Place the iron vertically inside the side of the jar and tape the top of the iron to the jar

Step 3. Place the aluminium vertically inside the other side and tape the top of the aluminium to the jar as well.

Step 4: Pour 1 ½ cups of vinegar into the jar containing the iron and aluminium (make sure the two materials aren't touching each other).

Step 5: Hook the teeth of the red crocodile wire directly onto the aluminium and hook the teeth of the black crocodile wire directly onto your iron. 

Step 5:Hook the teeth of the other side of the black crocodile wire to the metal part of the black knob on the voltameter.

Step 6:Hook the teeth of the other side of the red crocodile wire to the metal part of the red knob with the number “3” directly under it on the voltameter.

Step 7: Measure the volts shown on the voltmeter once every minute for 15 minutes(Each small line represents 1/10 of a volt) (write what the voltameter shows you in your logbook)
 

Battery 5:

Step 1. Identify the zinc and aluminium

Step 2. Place the zinc vertically inside the side of the jar and tape the top of the zinc to the jar

Step 3. Place the aluminium vertically inside the other side and tape the top of the aluminium to the jar as well.

Step 4: Pour 1 ½ cups of vinegar into the jar containing the zinc and aluminium (make sure the two materials aren't touching each other).

Step 5: Hook the teeth of the red crocodile wire directly onto the aluminium and hook the teeth of the black crocodile wire directly onto your zinc. 

Step 5:Hook the teeth of the other side of the black crocodile wire to the metal part of the black knob on the voltameter.

Step 6:Hook the teeth of the other side of the red crocodile wire to the metal part of the red knob with the number “3” directly under it on the voltameter.

Step 7: Measure the volts shown on the voltmeter once every minute for 15 minutes(Each small line represents 1/10 of a volt) (write what the voltameter shows you in your logbook)

 

Battery 6:

Step 1. Identify the zinc and iron

Step 2. Place the zinc vertically inside the side of the jar and tape the top of the zinc to the jar

Step 3. Place the iron 

Step 4: Pour 1 ½ cups of vinegar into the jar containing the zinc and iron (make sure the two materials aren't touching each other).

Step 5: Hook the teeth of the red crocodile wire directly onto the aluminium and hook the teeth of the black crocodile wire directly onto your zinc. 

Step 5:Hook the teeth of the other side of the black crocodile wire to the metal part of the black knob on the voltameter.

Step 6:Hook the teeth of the other side of the red crocodile wire to the metal part of the red knob with the number “3” directly under it on the voltameter.

Step 7: Measure the volts shown on the voltmeter once every minute for 15 minutes(Each small line represents 1/10 of a volt) (write what the voltameter shows you in your logbook)

 

Repeat this experiment one more time except battery 6 goes first,battery 5 goes second,battery 4 goes third,battery 3 goes forth,battery 2 goes fifth,and battery 1 goes sixth.

 

(if you want to you can do random things to the zinc and copper battery to see if anything happens.)

 

Science fair experiment 

1 cup and a half of vinegar

Copper zinc: .8,.8,.8,.8,.79,.76,.75,.73,.72,.71,.71,.71,.71,.7.,7

Weight:2oz

Copper aluminum:.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.299,.29,.29,.29,.29,.29

Weight:1oz

Copper iron:.39,.35,.34,.34,.33,.33,.33,.33,.32,.32,.32,.31,.31,.31,.31

Weight:1oz

Iron zinc: .5,.499.49,49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49

Weight:1oz

Iron and aluminum: not large enough to see

Weigh:1 oz

Aluminum zinc:.31,.31,.31,.31,.31,.31,.31,3,.3,.3,.29,.29,.29,.29,.29

Weight:1oz

Observations:the anode has bubbles on it but there’s nothing on the cathode.

Round 2:

aluminum and zinc:.29,.28,.28,.28,.28,.28,.28,.28,.29,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.31

Iron aluminum: *

Iron zinc:.5,.5,.499,.499,.499,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.49,.48,.49

 

Copper iron:.36,.349,.342,.32,.31,.31,.31,.31,.31,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3,.3

 

Copper aluminum: .3,.3,.3,.3,.29,.27,.25,.25,.25,.25,.25,.25,.24,.24,.24

 

Copper zinc:.79,.78,.77,.76,.76,.75,.75,.74,.73,.73,.73,.72,.72,.72,.71

 

I’m doing one more to make sure I didn’t add any variables:

Does the voltage increase when you stir the vinegar?

No.

If you accidentally leave some water in the jar or on the materials does the volts change?

Not that I can see.

If the vinegar is warm does the volts change?

Yeah

If you use water or saltwater does it still work?

Yes the saltwater is just as good as vinegar but nothing happens if you add more salt from what I saw.The water works just not as good as vinegar.

Does the voltage change depending on how much of the material is in the vinegar.

Yes but very marginally nothing that would make a big impact on my experiment.

 

After I graphed my results, I saw when I tried the experiment a second time, the results jumped back up to what they were at the beginning of the first experiment. I believe the reason why that happened was because when I grabbed fresh vinegar it was more acidic than the older vinegar therefore balancing the neutrons and protons again. The results of aluminium zinc and iron zinc both jumped up a bit while the experiment was happening and I believe that was because a part of the material corroded causing a new section with fresh new electrons to be taken.In both the copper zinc battery, the copper aluminium battery and the iron copper battery the results dropped a lot.I believe that happened because copper pulls the electrons very quickly causing less to be available for later use causing a plumite.When I look at the copper zinc it did noticeably better than the other batteries and I believe that happened because copper has the strongest pull for electrons and zinc easily loses electrons. Iron and zinc were very consistent and the reason I think that they were consistent is because iron has a very weak pull so the electrons slowly but surely are being transported across to form a electric current. The iron and aluminum didn’t produce any voltage I could read. After the experiment I tested random variables to the battery to not only see if I made a mistake but also to learn about what impacts the battery.

Does the voltage increase when you stir the vinegar?

No.

 

If you accidentally leave a small amount of water in the jar or on the materials does the volts change? 

Not that I can see.

 

If the vinegar is warm do the volts change?

Yes,I believe that happens because the molecules are moving faster inside the vinegar causing more collisions with the raw materials causing more reaction between the vinegar and the metal strip.

 

If you use water or saltwater does it still work?

Yes the saltwater is just as good as vinegar but nothing happens if you add more salt from what I saw.The water works just not as good as vinegar.

 

Does the voltage change depending on how much of the material is in the vinegar.

Yes but very marginally nothing that would make a big impact on my experiment.

 

My hypothesis was wrong because I was looking at which materials have the most amount of electrons on their outer ring, which was iron, combined with a material with a high pull for electrons. I expected them to produce a high and consistent voltage.The problem with this is that iron and copper both have a very strong pull for electrons causing the copper to barely be able to take any away from iron. Sadly I wasn’t able to do lithium batteries or sodium batteries because they are extremely dangerous. Copper and zinc wasn’t very consistent but had a very high amount of volts so I would use a copper and zinc battery for kids toys, for example nerf guns and rc cars because they require a lot of electricity. Because iron and zinc were so consistent and relatively high I would use iron and zinc for things that need to be used for a long period of time such as a tv remote, and hearing aids. Copper iron, copper aluminum, and aluminum zinc all produced around .3 volts while changing quite a bit individually. If I were to do my experiment again I would try to test more materials like magnesium, sodium, and more so it would be easier to compare my results to the real world. When do aluminium and iron I couldn’t read the voltage generated between them on two separate occasions leading me to think they are terrible batteries.

Batteries are all over the world so it is nice to know which batteries are better than otheres.Because of my experiment, I believe scientists around the world should investigate and prioritise copper-zinc batteries over others and iron zinc should be used in household appliances that use a little bit of electricity over a long time like a tv remote or hearing aids.

-During my experiment a few materials’ voltage spiked up suddenly and I believe that may have happened because I made a mistake or the material corroded through a layer of metal revealing brand new electrons.

-Because I was getting these strips of metals from someone else second hand some strips of metals could have experienced more wear and tear therefore producing fewer volts.

-The copper aluminum battery suddenly dropped rapidly making me believe that I possibly made a mistake such as misreading the voltmeter.

 

https://www.alsym.com/

https://www.thomasnet.com/

https://www.batterywholesale.com/

https://greenly.earth/en-gb

https://mineralseducationcoalition.org

https://freshfield.life/

https://alliteinc.com/

https://www.technologynetworks.com

https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/

https://superfund.arizona.edu/

https://www.toppr.com/ask/

https://dragonflyenergy.com/

https://batteryuniversity.com/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/

https://www.aquametals.com/

https://batterycouncil.org/

https://thundersaidenergy.com/

https://www.flashbattery.tech/en/

https://pubs.rsc.org/

https://www.energy.gov/

https://www.ga.gov.au/

https://webelements.com/

https://www.environmentenergyleader.com/

https://www.iberdrola.com/home

https://goenergylink.com/

https://think.ing.com/

https://www.cesa.org/

https://www.tutorchase.com/

https://www.products.pcc.eu/en/

https://www.webmd.com/

https://www.iceland.org/

https://www.bbc.com/

https://www.linkedin.com/

https://www.azocleantech.com

https://www.nasa.gov/

https://physicsworld.com/

https://www.nature.com/

https://innovationnetworks.com/

https://www.zincbatteryinitiative.com/

https://www.aluminum.org/

I recognize how much help I received during these experiments. The people who helped me were Mr Bard (he sent me a video to watch, he let me borrow his materials, and helped me learn what was possible and what was not), my sister (she helped critique my grammar, helped write my procedure, and got the materials from Mr Bard), my mother (she gave me help with my grammar, and gave me someone to talk to during the writing stages), Srta Lugo (she helped me with editing) and Srta Rivas (she helped me on every single step of this science fair project).