How does the Immune System get activated? How does it neutralize invaders? How can you boost your Immune System.

I conducted this research by watching various videos and reading various books from trusted sources. As I went through this content, I took notes in my log book.

Your skin is an important and often overlooked part of the Immune System. It is the first thing that comes between harmful bacteria (AKA antigens) and your immune system. Your mucous and saliva also help keep out unwanted invaders. These substances, quite simply, act as a physical barrier. Though they are the first line of defense, they are often breached by things like cuts. If breached, your dead and damaged civilian cells will release cytokines, tiny chemicals meant to convey info and spread news. Since cells are blind and deaf, the only way they can communicate is through cytokines. The kind of cytokines released in the case of a bacterial invasion, conveys a message something like this: HELP! WE ARE BEING INVADED! This activates the Innate Immune Response, which is the first of 2 immune responses.

If bacteria breaches your physical defenses, your innate immune response is activated. Immune cells will exit your bloodstream and rush to the warzone when they receive the cytokines. The most notable of these cells are the Macrophages, your general troop, and Neutrophils, the crazy bombers with machine guns. Both of these cells have exclusive ways to kill antigens. Macrophages use phagocytosis, and Neutrophils use NETs

Using their cytoplasmic extensions, which are a bit like arms, Macrophages pull in harmful bacteria and absorb them. Then, the Macrophage will open up a part of its body, forming a kind of prison cell, and seal it off, trapping the bacteria. Then, using the patches of acid inside of them, they dissolve the bacteria until it is down to its simplest form, a clump of actually beneficial proteins.

NETs are a very simple yet brutal way of killing bacteria. Basically, the Neutrophil rips itself open, and weaves its DNA into a net, spewing out its insides, which are harmful to bacteria, as well as trapping them. Remember, this is all on a microscopic level, so even though it may not seem logical, it is very possible for this to happen. Neutrophils can also spew out their insides by exploding instead, but NETs are obviously more effective.

Fever, tiredness, and inflammation are ways that your body’s innate immune response helps to keep out antigens. Fever is just macrophages increasing your internal temperature to make antigens uncomfortable, and tiredness is the way your body saves energy. Most of the symptoms of illness that you feel are often just the Immune System doing its job! Fever, Tiredness, Loss of Appetite, and Inflammation are all just ways your body withers down bacteria. This is why you should let your body do its thing for a few days, if you still feel worse, then you can go to a doctor or take over-the-counter medicine.

In the case that your Innate Immune Response cannot get rid of the harmful bacteria, which is at this stage known as a pathogen, your Adaptive immune response is called in. This is a special part of the immune system that can, as the name suggests, adapt to the situation. The first stage is when your dendritic cells come to the warzone. They are like intelligence officers, taking samples of antigens and studying them. Then, they enter the lymphatic system and try to find a T cell suitable for the enemy. They do this by presenting the antigen samples in MHC II molecules. If a T cell is stimulated by the sample, the dendritic cell gives it a sort of confirmation that they activated. The reason the T cell has to be stimulated first is because T cells are all unique. They all are different, so the right one needs to be chosen.

Then, the activated T cell starts multiplying by the thousands. Once it is done multiplying, it splits into two groups. The first group enters your blood and defends it, while the second group goes to the warzone. There, they act as commanders, and revive tired macrophages, making them more effective and strong. If the invasion is stopped, the T cells that survive become memory cells and help to defend you the same illness ever comes again.

B Cells require 2 stimulations to become truly activated. The first one is by the Innate Immune Response. While the Dendritic cells run around looking for T cells, B cells run around looking for antigens they can connect with. They do this by rubbing themselves in everything they see, and if they find an antigen they can connect with, no matter how it is presented, they will activate and clone over 20 000 times, each clone producing hundreds of antibodies per second. If the forces are still too weak, a second activation is required

This activation is fairly straightforward. The B cell rips up antigens and presents them on MHC class II molecules, and if they stimulate an active T cell clone from earlier, the B cell gets activated and turns into a Plasma cell, which heads to the battlefield and starts producing over 2 000 antibodies per second. If they survive the attack, they become long-lived Plasma Cells.

The Thymus is a chicken wing sized organ between your two lungs. It is one of the most important organs when it comes to the immune system, as it trains T cells. What happens is that T cells follow the lymphatic system to the thymus, where they undergo three tests. If they fail in even one, they are ordered to do apoptosis, which is just cell suicide. The role of the thymus is to prevent autoimmune disease, which is just a disease where your immune system starts attacking you! This is why the Dendritic

cells must deliver a confirmation when it is activating a T cell. These three tests are as follows

 

Do they have working receptors?

Can they recognize and communicate with Immune Cells?

Can it recognise cells in your own body?

The complement system is an integral part of your immune response. There are over 30 types of complement proteins, and they all are just floating around in your blood, waiting to be hit with the exact right thing at the exact right time, or they will just dissolve. Complement proteins have an extremely short life, and can dissolve in about 3 seconds if not activated, because they are very dangerous if they go out of control.

Let’s say there is a C3 complement protein floating around, and it gets activated by a cytokine. It will split into C3b and C3a proteins. For now, let’s follow C3b. It has an extremely short amount of time to find an enemy to latch on to, but let’s say that it does. It will root itself into the membrane of that pathogen, and it gets activated again, changing its shape. Then, it catches more proteins and activates more C proteins, and eventually the right type of protein latches on to the C3b and becomes a C3 Convertase. Then, the convertase grabs C9 proteins and drives them into the pathogen, killing it. This is now known as a Membrane Attack Complex. The second group floats around realeasing cytokines to activate more immune cells

Now that we know how your immune system works, it begs the question, how do you boost your immune system? You can’t boost your immune response, since it has been refined over millions of years, but you can strengthen your immune response. So the real question is “How can I strengthen my immune response?”. Well, it is easier than you think! Sure, fancy diet plans and workout regimens work, but they also put a lot of stress on your body. Some effective way to strengthen your immune response are:

 

Drinking alcohol in moderation

Not smoking

Getting good sleep

Minimizing stress

Keep up to date with vaccines

 

October 29, 2023

 

From: Immune  By Philipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 1

 

• Goal of Immune System…
  • maintain homeostasis, which is a balance of all of your cells and elements in your body
  • Eliminate Cancer
• Can be flawed or confused, and can kill cells if this happens.

Chapter 2

 

• Total surface area of your skin = ~2² yards
• Average human body is made of over 40 trillion cells

 

From: Tiny Bombs In Your Blood - The Complement System By Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell

 

• Complement System has over 30 different types of proteins
• Very effective
• Many parts of Immune System are meant to activate the complement system
  • Complement System Goals:
    • Cripples Enemies
    • Activates the Immune system
    • Rips apart bacteria
• In passive mode until activated and changes shape
• Domino effect of activation
• C3 protein
  • Starts domino effect
  • Activated by other proteins or antibodies
  • C3 when activated becomes C3b and C3a
• C3b
  • Has an extremely short amount of time to find a target or elser it will dissolve
  • Like a tracker missile
  • When it finds a target it tightly clings on and doesn’t let go
  • After anchoring, it changes shape, allowing it to attach to other proteins changing its shape and attaching more proteins
  • This is now known as a C3 Convertase
• C3 Convertase
  • Activates more proteins and the dominoe effect to create more convertases
  • Cripples bacteria
• C3A
  • Like a distress signal
  • Passive immune cells notice proteins (C3a) and then activate to follow the C3a proteins
• Phagocytes
  • Activated by C3a
  • Trap bacteria and dissolve it in acid
  • Grabs bacteria
  • C3b acts as a a grip for the phagocytes since bacteria is slippery
• Membrane Attack Complex
  • Injects spear-like arms into the bacteria, ripping a hole in it
• Complement is more effective against viruses
• Bacteria can develop counter strategies such as
  • Creating a chemical that stops complement production
  • Hiding in cells that keep complement calm

October 10, 2023

 

From: You are Immune against Every Disease By Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell

 

• If cell = size of a human then you = Mt. Everest x 20
• Bacteria takes ~30 minutes to make a 1-1 copy of itself
• Virus can copy into hundreds in just hours, and billions in days
• Possible that bacteria can mutate in the right way as the evade your defenses
• Cells have receptors which can connect with a certain type of protein
• Flu mutates rapidly, so you need to get a shot each year
• Cells can mix and match their DNA to create different receptors and attack different viruses. There are about ~10B such combanations
• At least 1 cell for each possible enemy in the universe
• Con of this: some combos may be harmful to you and attack your own cells
• Thumus
  • Is about the size of a chicken wing and is located just above your lungs
  • Thymus is in a constant state of decline after you hit puberty, which is why your immune system weakens when you get older
  • Thymus has receptors found on cells and tests T-cells to see how they react
  • If a cell attacks the arms in the Thymus , the are ordered to do apoptosis, which is basically cell suicide. ~98% of cells die this way in the thymus
  • If this fails, you get autoimmune disease, which is where your immune system attacks your own body.

From: What Actually Happens When You are Sick? By Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell

 

• When cytokines are released your priorities are changed to save energy
• Heat stresses out bacteria so you need more calories to keep going
• Body breaks down muscles for strength and amino acids to speed up and refresh immune system
• Immune cells cause collateral damage
• Bacteria release toxins that can cause cell damage and death
• A serious infection causes damage to organs so immune cells release a chemical that speeds up organ regrowth
• Damage usually does not affect your quality of life
• Memory cells help remember the illness and make you immune or resistant against it
• Vaccines
  • Pretend to be a disease and train your defenses
  • Goal is to create memory cells

October 16, 2023

 

From: The Side Effects of Vaccines - How High is the Risk? By Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell

 

• If an infection needs T and B cells, then after it we create memory cells
• If attacked again, memory cells order the creation of antibodies and coordinate attacks
• Vaccines trick our bodies into making memory cells
• Pretend to be a serious infection but are dead of weakend
• For live vaccines, a weaker version of the bacteria is lab bred and injected into you, just powerful enough to create memory cells
• Some viruses mutate so much that we need a new vaccine each year
• Before the measles vaccine, there were almost 135 000 000 cases in the 1950s
• For every 10 000 000 kids got measles…
  • 98% will get a fever and rash
  • 8% will get dangerous diharea
  • 7% will get an ear infection
  • 6% will get pneumonia
  • 0.1% will get encephilitis
  • 0.025% will get SSPT
  • 2.5 millions kids will have serious side effects
  • ~20 000 deaths
  • Kids will have very weak immune systems
• Now if each of this kids were vaccinated…
  • 10% will get a fever
  • 5% will get a rash
  • 0.001 will get an allergic reaction
  • 0.0001% will get encephalitis
  • 120 will have serious effects

October 17, 2023

 

From:  Immune  By Philipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 3

 

• Cells are the smallest units of life
• Cells:
  • Are live
  • Have metabolism
  • Respond to stimuli
  • Grow
• A cell is made of millions of molecules
• 50% of the molecules are water molecules
• 1% of your DNA is meant to dictate the creation of proteins
• The shape of cells and proteins are dictating what they can and can’t do
• Cells are like ants (they need to be together to be useful)

Chapter 4

 

• “White blood cells” is a very vauge terms, so it is not used in the immune system
• Innate immune system: one size fits all response
  • Mostly fights
• Adaptive immune system: Adapts
  • Specialised

October 20, 2023

 

From :  Immune  By Philipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 5

 

• Inavders that activate your adaptive immune system are called pathogens
• Bacteria are one of the oldest things on the planet
• 1g of soil = 50 000 000 bacteria
• Bacteria can multiply every 20-30 minutes so in 4 hrs there will be 8 000 more bacteria

 

Chapter 6

• Skin Industrial Complex Clones cells
• These cells are coated with keratin
• Your skin cells form desmomes (spikes) and lock in with other cells
• You skin is slightly acidic
• 10 000 000 friendly bacteria live in your skin

October 23, 2023

 

From: Lymphatic System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #44 By CrashCourse

 

• Lymphatic System…

• Takes extra fluid and does a test to make sure it is legit
• Maintains homeostasis
• Lymph is a watery fluid that is too small to contain red blood cells
• Lymphoid organs…
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Adenoids
  • Tonsils
    • Have immune cells in them

From: Immune System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #45 By CrashCourse

 

• Innate Immune system:
  • Includes…
    • Skin
    • Mucous Membranes
      • Cover anything that opens to the outside world
    • Internal Defenses
    • Phagocytes
    • Antimicrobiral Proteins
    • Attack Cells
• Phagocytes:
  • Neutrophils
    • Most abundant phagocytes
    • Dead neutrophils make up pus
  • Macrophages
    • Use cytoplasmic extensions (kind of like arms)
  • Natural Killer Cells
    • Kill infected or cancerous cells
    • Healthy Cells produce MHC 1, Infected cells dont
    • If infected, NKCs poke the cell with an enzyme that triggers apoptosis
• Inflammatory Response
  • Like a fire alarm
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Hotness
  • Pain
  • Increases Metabolism of cells so they heal faster
• When you are overpowered, your macrophages release pyrogen, which causes fever to burn everything.

October 24, 2023

 

From: Immune By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 7

 

• Many civillian cells die after your ksin is breached by something like a cut
• Macrophages are the largest Immune Cells in your body
• Macrophages us either smell to sense the movement og a bacteria to reel it in and kill it
• Neutrophils are crazy and they blow up
• Only have a few hours before they die
• Platetes are like blood cells that solely exist as an emergency worker
• Inflammation is when your blood vessels open up and spew hot fluid into the battle field
• Pathogens can fight back against the Immune system
• Dendritic cells take samples of the dead cells
• It takes dendritic cells ~1 day to enter the lymph and get T cells

November 4, 2023

 

From: Immune By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 8

 

• Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes
• Phagocytosis
  • A Macrophage sees and enemy
  • It itghly grabs on to it
  • It folds in a part of its membrane forming a sort of prison cell
  • Patches of acid in the macrophage merge with the cell and dissolve it into usefull proteins
• Every day ~100 B neutrophils die
  • NETs
    • Neutrophils literally spew out their DNA to from a net, and harm pathogens in the process
    • This is called a Neutrophil Extracellular Trap or NET

Chapter 9

 

• Inflammation is the default response to anything
  • Causes plasma to rush to the battlefield
  • Symptoms…
    • Redness
    • Heat
    • Swelling
    • Pain
    • Loss of Function
  • Pathogens are stressed out by heat
• Unnatural cell death is the cause for trigger for inflammation

Chapter 10

 

• Cells are blind
• Cytokines are proteins used to convey information
• Basically cells move a little, smell, move a little, sniff, etc
  • The receptors are the noses
• Immune Cells release Cytokines based on how they are (enemies or not)
• This helps cells save energy

Chapter 11

 

• A bacterium’s shape defines its job
• Every animal has some form of receptors in its body

 

November 6, 2023

 

From: Immune  By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 12

 

• Complement system is the most basic part of an animals immune response
• Complement consists of over 30 proteins
• Complement…
  • Maims enemies
  • Activates Immune Cells
  • Rips holes in things until they die
  • Passive complement protein is useless, and an active one is useful
• The fluid that causes inflammation has millions of complement proteins
• C3 is the most important complement protein
• Splits into 2 proteins
• C3b is like a guided missile
  • Finds enemies to latch onto
  • Transforms its shapes when it latches onto an enemy
  • This is known as a C3 Convertase, and it activates a domino effect of splitting C3 protein
• C3a
  • Is like a distress beacon
  • Floats to battle field
  • Passive phagocytes smell them
  • Phagocytosis becomes ‘superpowered’
  • A bacteria covered in complement is easier to grab due to magnetic charges (Bacteria is negative and Complement is positive, and Phagocytes are negative
• Complement can cripple bacteria when it is defenseless

 

November 7, 2023

 

From: Immune By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 13

 

• Pus is dead phagocytes 
• Dendritic cells indentify what is attacking you
• Dendritic cells swallow viruses, get their taste, then spit them out, like a wine tasting
• Deliver context
• Enter lymphatic system

 

Chapter 14

 

• Lymphatic vessels cover your entire body
• Get fluids, then release them over time
• Without it you would swell dangerously
• Lymph is like filtered blood
• Dendritic cells take about a day to reach your thymus where they use cytokines to activate a T cell
• T Cells use cytokines to enrage and revive macrophages

 

Chapter 16

 

• When the adaptive immune system shows up, it is like a bloodbath
• A bacterium can reproduce in about 30 minutes
• Everything is ‘preinstalled’ in you

 

Chapter 17

 

• An antigen is a piece of your enemy that the immune system can recognise
• For every antigen to ever exist you have the potential to recognise at this very moment
• Your cells mix and match their genes to be unique

 

Chapter 18

 

• The thymus is crucial for survival
• T cells are trained in the thymus
• T cells can also have gene matches that attack your own body (autoimmune disease)
• The thymus exists to stop this
• Thymus tests…
  • Working receptors (supplies check)
  • Can recognise and communicate with cells in your own body? (check ink in pens)(Positive selection)
  • Can it recognise cells in your body (negative selection)
    • Teacher cells create combos used by cells, and test if the T cells react to them
  • Only 2% if the t cells that enter the thymus survive
  • Dead t cells are eaten by macrophages
  • Thymus begins shrinking once you have hit puberty
  • ~ age 85 your thymus stops working (why old people have weak immune systems)

 

Chapter 19

 

• When an infection occoursm your innate and adaptive immune system to find the cells with the right receptors
• Dendritic cells ‘present antigens
• Travel in lymph looking for helper T cells
• MHC stands for Major Histocomplatability Complex
• T cells only taste ‘weiners in a hot dog bun (MHC class 2 receptors) and only react when they are presented
• Dendritic cells rub themselves over t cells to make contact with them
• Dendritic cells use chemicals to tell T cells you are activated as a security measure
• Dendritic cells are like paper boys. They give news and updates

 

November 14, 2023

 

From: Immune By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 20

 

• T cells start in the bone marrow, then they go to the thymus
• T cells are found due to the fact that almost hundreds of dendritic cells are searching for them
• Clonal Selection Theory
  • T cells clone themselves once they have been activated
  • Then they split into 2 groups
  • Group 1
    • Follows cytokines to battlefield
    • Arrives in ~5 days
      Acts as commanders
      • Tell macrophages to go haywire
    • The survivors become memory cells

Chapter 21

 

• B cells produce antiboies
• Step 1
  • Activation by innate immune response
    • B cells enter lymph
    • Look for antigens no matter how they are presented or found
    • B cells can recognise complement proteins
    • Clones over 20 000 times once activated
• Step 2
  • Activation by Adaptive Immune Response
    • B cells break up antigens and present them on MHC class II molecules
    • If they find the correct T cell, the B cell gets activated and becomes a plasma cell, producing over 2 000 antibodies/second

November 15, 2023

 

From: Immune By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 22

 

• B cells can get activated if they are at least okay-ish when it comes to receptors
• Only B cells that can make amazing antibodies are selected to become plasma cells
• Affinity Mutation
  • T cells activate B cells again
  • B cells mutate to remake receptors and antibodies

Chapter 23

 

• Antibodies are specific
• Antibodies grab their victims
• IgM antibodies
  • Majority of antibodies
  • 1st to be deployed
• IgG antibodies
  • Like complement
  • Protects unborn cells and children (only protect children in women)
• IgA
  • Most abundant
  • Protects entrances to your insides
  • Only antibodies who can feely pass through your openings
• IgE
  • Cause allergies
• B cells always start off with producing IgM, but can change if a T cell tells them to

November 16, 2023

 

From: Immune  By Phillip Dettmer

 

Chapter 24

 

• Inside skin is known as mucosa
• Mucosa is vulnerable
• Cannot fight to hard or will get damaged
• Mucous is like gel
• Goblet cells make mucous
• Mucous has many IgA antibodies
• Mucosa protects the tissues of your stomach from the acid in your stomach

 

Chapter 25

 

• Gut is important
• Gut immune system tries not to interact with the other one

 

Chapter 26

 

• There are 10³⁰ different viruses
• They dont have metabolism
• Sneaky and viscous
• ~200 species of viruses can infect humans
• Use cells membrane as disguise
• Viruses mutate a lot
• Viruses mutate each reproductive cycle

Chapter 27

 

• Your lungs are like sponges
• Your aveloi (air)  cannot be covered in mucous

 

Chapter 28

 

• A single cough has lots of influenza in it
• Humans have been responsible for 4 major influenza epidemics
• Influenza enters cells nucleus and takes it over
• RNA is a chemical used to communicate through an infected cell
• In about 1 ½  days, the flu can multiply by millions
• Influenza infections are discreet at first, then attack

 

December 3, 2023

 

From: Immune  By Phillipp Dettmer

 

Chapter 29

 

• Epithelial cells scan themselves for invaders
• Inate immune tries to slow infection
• Infected cell releases emergency cytokines
• Inferons interfere with the virus, like a warning
  • “Don’t make too much proteins because then there are less chances it releases virus infected proteins”
• Plasmacytoid Dendritc Cells
  • Live in lymph
  • When activated, they make inferons by the tonne
  • A spike of inferons is a sign of infection
• You lose your appetite when you are sick because your digestive system uses too much energy, which your body needs to save
• Pyrogens
  • Cause fever by heating your body 
  • Heat is not good for pathogens
  • Shivering creates heat by contracting your muscles really quickly

December 4, 2023

From: Immune By Phillip Dettmer

 

Chapter 30

 

• MHC class 1 is like a window
• MHC class 2 is like a hot dog bun
• Because cells are always displaying antigens inside of them, you will know if they are infected

 

Chapter 31

 

• 40% of your cells are killer T cells
• Dendritic cells have both class 1 and two presentation capabiltiy
• Killer T cells search the MHC class 1 windows 
• If an infected antigen is found, the cell is ordered to do apoptosis

In today's date, we as a community do not give the immune system enough credit even though we rely on medicine and drugs heavily. These days, especially right after the Covid-19 pandemic, the immune system is extremely important. It is the second most complex system in the body, and people devote their whole lives to understanding how it works. I have just barely scratched the surface of how this amazing system works, and couldn’t dream of ever mastering all of this knowledge! I hope I have enlightened you on the importance of the immune system and helped you understand how it really works. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to share this knowledge with you, and thank you for your consideration. Any questions?

rashCourse. (2015, November 30). Lymphatic System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #44 [Hank describes the structure and function of your lymphatic system and how it supports your cardiovascular and immune systems. He'll explain how your lymphatic system collects, filters, and returns interstitial fluid back into your bloodstream, and how you]. In Lymphatic System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #44 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7orwMgTQ5I

CrashCourse. (2015, December 8). Immune System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #45 [Our final episodes of Anatomy & Physiology explore the way your body keeps all that complex, intricate stuff alive and healthy -- your immune system. The immune system’s responses begin with physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and when they’r]. In Immune System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #45 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIJK3dwCWCw

CrashCourse. (2015, December 14). Immune System, Part 2: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #46 [In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology,

Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccin]. In Immune System, Part 2: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #46 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DFN4IBZ3rI

CrashCourse. (2015, December 21). Immune System, Part 3: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #47 [THE FINAL SHOWDOWN! This is the last episode on the immune system and also the very last episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology. In it, Hank explains how the cellular immune response uses helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells to attack body cells]. In Immune System, Part 3: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #47 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd2cf5hValM

Dettmer, P. (2021). Immune: A Journey Into the Mysterious System That Keeps You Alive (Vol. 1). Random House Publishing Group.

Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell. (2019, May 12). The Side Effects of Vaccines - How High is the Risk? [Sources: https://sites.google.com/view/sources... Vaccines are one of our best tools to prevent dangerous diseases, but they come with side effects. So would it be safer not to vaccinate? This video has been supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda]. In The Side Effects of Vaccines - How High is The Risk? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBkVCpbNnkU&list=PL3I_nzanBKZI6mXzqot5ZrYwybzq_cmsX&index=9

Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell. (2019, July 28). Tiny Bombs in Your Blood - The Complement System [https://sites.google.com/view/sources... One of the key players of our immune system is the complement system. An army of millions and trillions of tiny bombs, which work together in a complex and elegant dance to stop intruders in your body. OUR CHANN]. In Tiny Bombs in Your Blood - The Complement System [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube.com/watch?v=BSypUV6QUNw&list=PL3I_nzanBKZI6mXzqot5ZrYwybzq_cmsX&index=8

Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell. (2021, August 10). How The Immune System ACTUALLY Works – IMMUNE [To preorder IMMUNE click here: https://kgs.link/ImmuneBook –– It’s available in English and German and at online retailers it should be available in pretty much all countries too. Sources & further reading: https://sites.google.com/view/sources... The]. In How The Immune System ACTUALLY Works - IMMUNE [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXfEK8G8CUI

Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell. (2021, November 2). You Are Immune Against Every Disease [Order IMMUNE here: https://kgs.link/ImmuneBook – It’s available in English and German and at online retailers it should be available in pretty much all countries too. Sources & further reading: https://sites.google.com/view/sources... You are not a per]. In You Are Immune Against Every Disease [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmpuerlbJu0

Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell. (2023, Feb 28). What Actually Happens When You Are Sick? [Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/kurzgesagt . For the first 200 people who sign up, Kurzgesagt will pay for the first month of your subscription! This video was sponsored by Wren, thanks a lot for the support! Sources & further]. In What Actually Happens When You Are Sick? [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube.com/watch?v=M-K7mxdN62M

My parents: Ritu Ritu and Parvesh Meghlan

My science teachers: Ms.Malbasa and Ms.Bly

Kurzgesgat - In a Nutshell