Written Scientific Problem

      Our topic is on Colors, color theory, how we see color, how the eye works and stuff like that. We are passionate about this topic because we enjoy art and knowing about different colors and how they really work would be helpful, we also just enjoy learning about how the human body works. It's interesting to see how all the parts of an eye work with each other just so we can envision colors! We have so far finished writing the first question which was on how humans see color, we finished the 4th question too which was on how colors reflect and absorb. We are almost finished with the 3rd question, just need to make some edits, and we are halfway done question 2 & 5. 

 

      Our problem started with some of the questions overlapping each other. For example, when we were writing about the retina for the first question, it already started talking about reflections, which was the 4th question. That's kinda why instead of choosing to go in order we just got some pages for each question and wrote every time we saw something relating to that question, we would then later make some adjustments. It still makes some things confusing and overwhelming but it's not too hard to deal with, we can just write on a separate piece of paper for later or write it on the main paper like I said in the previous sentence. This problem still comes up often but is pretty easy to deal with and not like a HUGE problem. 

 

      So for our second problem, it would be work productivity. We used to have an organized daily work time but our productivity kinda fell. More than having an organized daily work amount, we kinda have random spontaneous bursts of energy and motivation in one sitting. On the other hand, sometimes we just don't get anything done, we both end up procrastinating a lot. This is still a problem we are trying to solve and is a problem in not only cysf but in school work in general. Another problem I personally have, is starting a bunch of things at once instead of focusing on one, I constantly come up with new interests & make new projects when I have other more important things to focus on. My attention span normally isn't very long and my mind constantly wanders, so to solve this problem, I'm trying to build up a little daily work amount everyday with breakin in between and get more done in an organized way. 

 

 

METHOD:

I believe that our method was rather quite simple. It was really just about grouping things. We started by making our 5 starting like normal & as we were expressed to do. After those questions were made, we decided to section it even deeper, each question would have around 5 base sections too. Of course, through out our research, sections/questions may have shifted and changed a bit so it is not exact. The sections were just made to help guild us in the beginning and for us to really start getting an idea of what we were doing. We had also added some sections as we did research, we did this because, we learn more about the topic as we go so, it helps us make better sections/questions. After those base sections were made, we worked on them section by section in a pretty average pase and just worked as we best could to our ability. Obviously there were problems in between but they weren't too difficult to overcome & we were able to overcome them. Also, we were planning to doing put our research on paper which we did do at first, but we changed to docs. At first we chose to have a doc for each of the 5 main questions, however, this was later changed and we added it all on one doc (due to the trouble of switching and finding each doc, it just helped keep things more organized). As we did research, if we found problems overlapping with any other or info about another question while working on someone else, we would normally write some of the info on a notes app or on a scrap paper to remember it. this was really our main method to doing our research,it changed a but as we did work but it was pretty simple and seemed to work well enough.

 

COLOURS AND ITS MYSTERIES 

Caesura Dhakal And Tanuja Thapa Magar

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Our Questions:

How Does The Human Eye Work And Take In Colours?

 How Do Other Animals/Species See Colours And Take In Colours?

 How Do Colours Absorb, Reflect, And Deflect? Which Colours Do What?

What Is Colour Theory? How Does It Work

Is There A Limit To Colours?

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Introduction & why we picked this topic: 

We chose colours as our topic because we find colours fascinating. It is interesting how colours can shift the mood of an art piece. Knowing how colours work and function would be great for us so that we can make more colourful art pieces that look amazing. For example, learning about complementary colours, analogous colours, colour theory, and so much more. These simple scientific things can enhance our art a lot. Learning how colours work also includes having to learn how we see colours in the first place. We gain lots of knowledge like how light turns into images or how the human eye even sees just because we want to know how colours work. Knowing eye anatomy will also assist us in the long run with future projects or assignments. In general, colours just seem like a fun topic especially since there are so many different hues and shades and there can be a colour out there that our minds can not see, process, or even fathom. I’ve tried thinking of new colours millions of times but every time, I am not capable of doing so. Our minds and eyes prevent us from discovering so many new colours that other species can see. That is why it is so strange yet exciting. 

 

How this topic could be useful:

This topic is mostly just for education and learning, however it might help with some things. The colour theory part may be useful if you're an artist or make designs, it could really help a lot, how it helps is explained later on in the colour theory section, but it really is helpful. 

How Does The Human Eye Work And See Colours? 

The human eye is the second most complex organ in your body, the first being the brain. It is the organ used for sight and It has lots of parts to it that all work together and cooperate so we can see and take in colours. 

It has 7 main or general parts to it that we’ll focus on.  

The seven parts are the:

Cornea + 6 layers

Retina + Cones & rods

Pupil

Iris

Lens

Sclera

Optic Nerve

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Parts Of An Eye:

Cornea:

The cornea is the part of your eye that keeps dust out and prevents any unwanted bacteria and such from entering the eye. It is clear and is shaped like a dome to help keep out ultraviolet rays. It is basically a defence mechanism or a shield. Since it is one of the first layers of the eye, it gets damaged sometimes. Luckily, the cornea is able to repair itself quickly and excellently. The cornea is made up of six layers. 

 

Said six layers are:

Epithelium:

This layer is the first and outer layer of the cornea. The epithelium is made of 5-7 cell layers that are very thin and about 50 micrometres (50 μm) thick. It is VERY sensitive. Although mostly a nuisance, this sensitivity forces you to react whenever something is harming your eyes, this lets you know that there is something in there and that you have to take it out. There are two main functions of the epithelium layer. The first one is that this layer is the layer that doesn't let any particles or dust and such into the eye. The second function is that this layer takes oxygen and nutrients from tears to actually make the smooth surface of the cornea. The nutrients that the epithelium layer absorbs are actually also spread throughout the rest of the cornea.

Bowman Layer:

The bowman layer is right underneath the epithelial cell layer. The bowman layer is made up of transparent tissue. Said tissues have layered protein fibres known as collagen that are strong. Collagen is very important because it reinforces the structure of the cornea. Any injuries that are made at the bowman layer form scars while healing. The scars can give you vision loss. You definitely will get vision loss if there are a lot of scars or if the scars are at the centre. 

Stroma:

The stroma is the thickest layer, making up about 90% of the cornea. The stroma is made up of water and collagen. The collagen in the stroma layer gives the cornea flexibility and strength. Collagen is also needed in order to make the cornea transparent which provides the eye with its main focusing ability.

Pre-Descemet Layer:

The pre-Descemet layer which is most commonly known as the dua layer is located in between the stroma and descemets membrane. The dua layer is the thinnest layer of the cornea. It is only 15 microns thick. Not much is known about the dua’s layer since it was just recently discovered in 2013.

Descemet membrane:

The Descemet membrane is a strong but thin layer that is located underneath the dua’s layer. The Descemet membrane's purpose is to prevent eye injuries or eye infections. This layer is also made up of collagen fibres but the fibres in this layer are not the same as the ones in the stromal layer. The collagen fibres in the Descemet membrane are actually made by the layer below it (endothelial layer).

Endothelium:

 The inner layer of the cornea is the endothelial layer. It’s a super thin layer which is important for keeping the cornea clear and transparent. 

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Pupil: 

The pupil is the black centre part you see in your eye. Your pupil gets bigger and smaller based on lighting. If it's a bright place, your pupils will get smaller & if in a dark environment, your pupils will become bigger. The pupil is the part of your eye that lets the light in, so it is a really important part. The cornea goes over the pupil and provides it with some protection. 

Iris:

 The iris is the part of your eye that you see with colour, it surrounds the pupil. Normally the iris is Brown, Blue or green, sometimes if you are albino, your iris may appear to be red or purple. It's one of the outer layers of your eye and is located behind the cornea. Although a lot of really dark brown eyes may all be the same, they are all different, even in the slightest ways! Nobody has the exact iris colouryou. Your iris continuously changes sizes and helps you see properly. 

Retina, 2 Cells: Rods & Cones:

One of the layers in your eye is called the Retina, located at the back of your eye. This layer is filled with 2 types of cells, rods, & cones. The retina has 20 times the amount of rods compared to cones, however, cones are fully responsible for your vision of colours. We have about 6 million cones and between 92 million-110 million rods. There are 3 different types of cones, blue ones, red ones, and green ones. 

It starts with light reaching into the retina. The rods and cones are sensitive to light so when they detect light and process it, they let the brain know through the nerve cells. 

The cells let the brain know by passing it to the brain's cortex, then to the optic nerve. The brain then processes it and identifies the colour, that's how we see colour! Before we move on, here is some info about the optic nerve and the brain's cortex:

The cortex of the brain: “The cerebral cortex is your brain's outermost layer”-WebMD

The cortex is very important and helps execute things like learning, problem-solving, language processing, memory, and much more. It is made out of about 14-16 million cells. 

Optic nerve: The optic nerve passes messages from the eyes to the brain. It is connected to the back of your eyes and leads straight to the brain. It has/is made of about 1.2 million cells.

Lens:

The lens's main function is to change its shape so that it can focus the light towards the retina. It is like a lens inside a camera. It’s the shape of an oval and is inside our eye located right behind the pupil and iris.

Sclera:

The sclera is the white part of our eye. It is like another protective layer in the eye that prevents injuries from happening. It starts from the cornea and goes all the way to the optic nerve. It also helps keep the shape of our eye.

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How Do Other Animals/Species See Colours And Take In Colours? + Is There A Limit To Colours

For this question, we will be looking at different classifications of animals to get a grasp and understanding of how different species and animals have different vision/sight. We’ll also look at specific animals in those animal classifications to see if all animals in the same classification see the same, we will also take a quick look at what the limits of colours are for different animals. 

The groups we will focus on are :

Mammals

Fish

Birds

Amphibians

Reptiles

 

Mammals:

Many mammals can’t distinguish colours as effectively as we can. Most can’t even see more than two colours. In these cases, it is called dichromatic colour vision. Mammals who have dichromat usually can only see blue and yellow in pastel shades and usually are colour blind when it comes to the colours: red and green. Most mammals have a pretty small limit to colour. Dogs for example are limited to only blue, yellow, black, white and other shades. They can see some different shades of blue and yellow but really mostly just pastels. 

Birds:

Birds have better vision than humans. They are able to see other colours even more “energetic” than violet, we call that ultraviolet. We are not able to see or even imagine such colours. Just like every other animal type, birds have rods and cones. The actual reason why birds can see ultraviolet light is because they have 4 types of cones while we only have 3 types. Another thing birds have is filtering oil in their cone cells, this helps filter the light that enters their eyes. Filtering the light helps birds see more mixed colours. It also helps birds see super small things in colour that we simply cannot see. Birds have a larger colour limit than us because they can see ultraviolet light, perhaps even more than that!

Fish:

Fish also are able to see many colours, however, you have to really get into specifics to know what they see. Tuna fish see mostly greens, while goldfish see all colours visible to us and also ultraviolet. Like birds and for the same reason as birds (an extra cone). Since there are so many types of fish, we haven't been able to look at all of their vision yet, we haven't even discovered many fish either (since only about 5% of the entire ocean on earth has been explored). It's likely said though, that many fish will be similar to goldfish, since a lot of fish have the fourth cone too, although some have even more. 

Amphibians: 

Amphibians like frogs, caecilians and salamanders all have different sight and seeing. A lot of research and studying has gone into frogs and salamanders sight but there is not much research done on caecilians sight. Amphibians' eyes have stayed similar to fish’s and barely any changes have been spotted even after millions of years. 

The lenses of amphibians aren't as flexible as human lenses which change shape to focus on various things. Amphibian lenses can not change shape so the lenses move back and forth in the eyeball to help with focusing. Amphibians also use their skin to feel light. This comes handy to amphibians who live in caves. It is also useful towards caecilians who have very small eyes and can also just have none at all. Caecilians use their skin to find changes in light which assists them a bit with their vision. Amphibians don't have a fovea but have a wide sight range and can spot movement easily which makes up for the lack of a fovea. Amphibians are tetrachromats which means that they have four different photoreceptor cells. This implies that they can see more colours than humans can and that they can also see ultraviolet light.

Reptiles: 

Just like humans, reptiles have two different cells in their retina, rods and cones. However, most reptiles actually have even better vision compared to humans. The outer part of a reptile’s eye is called the sclera. When light passes through the sclera it goes through the iris, pupil and lens, then reaches the retina. Reptiles can actually see all the colours we see and even more, for example ultraviolet, same as birds! Just like birds, reptiles too, also have filtering oil. 

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Human Vs Animals Comparison 

Comparison to Mammals: 

Humans are also mammals but have quite a different colour range from most other mammals. We are actually lucky because otherwise, we would probably only see around two colours and the neutrals, and most likely (not 100%) the only two colours we would see would be blue and yellow. 

Comparison to Birds:

Birds have a pretty superior vision compared to us humans. They can see a purple “more purple than our purple” something we cannot even imagine or think of, it just isn't in our range. The ultraviolet they see is basically invisible to us and is probably seen as light purple or white to us. 

Comparison to fish: Same as birds, most fish have better vision than us, some maybe see less colours than us but most probably see more colours due to the amount of cones they have. Fish are honestly so interesting, there is so much we have yet to know about all the fish there is, I wonder if we'll ever be able to find all of the fish out there.

Comparison to Amphibians:

Most amphibians have better vision than humans. They are tetrachromats meaning that they have 4 photoreceptor cells and can see a broader range of colours including ultraviolet light. Unlike humans who only have 3 and can not see ultraviolet light. Amphibians eyesight and vision is really close to ones of a fish. 

Comparison to Reptiles: 

Reptiles are quite similar to birds, reptiles too, have a colour vision that can also see the ultraviolet colour, which we will say again, is invisible to us as humans. It's just so cool to try and imagine what ultraviolet looks like, but it is not possible since we just don't have the ability to see/comprehend it. 

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Colour Theory 

In this section, we will be talking about:

Saturation

Contrast

Shades

Painting

Digital art

 

What is Color Theory? 

Colour theory is how colours work together, what colours suit each other and change our opinions and emotions on art. Colour theory can affect how we feel about something and how we see things too. For example, beige+brown may give a more settling and serious look as opposed to bright yellow+sky blue. Colour theory can also change the way different colours look in different backgrounds. For an example of this, let's have a purple-pink colour and a dark purple background. In the centre of each background, we will add a lilac colour. 

-created this image on ibispaintx, but the colours came from blog hubsp

Believe it or not, those are the same colours, you can check yourself! The lilac colour would look different on the pinkish background compared to the dark purple background, even if it is the same exact colour. Colours impact your emotions and opinion on things because they all have different symbolism, here are some examples:

Individual colours

Red: powerful, elegant, passionate, energetic, vibrancy, dangerous, romance

Orange: vibrant, creative, change, inviting, friendly, vitality

Yellow: Bright, energising, sunshine, danger, hope, courage

Green: Safety, Growth, Balance, Stability, calmness, Harmony, nature, envy, jealousy

Blue: Sadness, calmness, responsibility, peace, refreshment, reliability

Purple: Royalty, luxury, romance, wealth, creativity, imagination

Black: Power, elegance, formality, evil, death, mystery, conservative, sophistication, 

White: Purity, cleanness, goodness, angels, health, simplicity, virtue

Grey: Formal, moody, professional, sophisticated

Brown: dependability, reliability, dull, wood, old fashioned, 

Beige+Tan: reserved, piety, upscale, modern, neutral

Colours Types:

Warm colours: Red, orange, yellow

Cool colours: Blue, purple, green

Neutral colours: GreenBlack, White, beige, tan

Colour Combos:

Green+blue+white: mints

Red+black: Vampires, dark romance, horror stories, royalty, elegance, crime

Pink+pearl: Cute, light, kind, “dollette” (an aesthetic that looks dolly), rococo

Navy blue+black: Formal, smart, put together, clean, professional

These are all just some of many examples, these are what those colours are symbolised as by most people. Colour theory can be a subjective thing, most people view colours like this due to naturally appealing looks, biases, personal experience and shows/books. The other part of colour theory was how colours seem to change in different backgrounds. This is very much true and even browns can look brown based on the background/surrounding colours. The colour theory is truly shocking, yet so important. Colour theory is important because it really can change everything, here are some examples of how:

1- If you were to make art, colour theory can completely change it. Colour theory can literally change the entire art style. If you learn how colour theory works and what colours suit each other, you can make the art more noticeable and attracting

2- Let's say you are going to a work Interview, like I had said earlier with the suit example, what you wear could also really impact your first impression. Different clothing colours could help bring you out and make you look better. For example, it would be useful to learn your undertone. Learning your undertone would make you understand what colours flatter you and make you really glow. 

3- For the last example, let's say you are making an ad for some sort of place. Using more really bright colours could make children more attracted to the place and would make it more inviting. If it's a loud play place for primary school kids, more bright colours put together would make you believe it's a more loud, fun, and exciting place if it's a calm, quiet library, beige, light pastel colours would make it seem like a more chill place and seem more appealing to those looking for places like that. 

Those are some examples of how colours can impact our emotions and impressions of things. 

Before we start this next little sub-section, I'm gonna use “colour theory #1” & “colour theory #2 for tiles. Colour theory #1 will be about how colours appear different based on other surroundings, and colour theory #2 will be about how colours affect our emotions, assumptions, and opinions. Now that you know what it is, a bit about how it works &/or some general things about colour, here are some tips on colour theory. 

Colour Theory #1:

This colour theory is really more about tricking your eyes. The reason why you think one colour in a different background is because of your cones. Different cones are assigned to different colours, when you put them in one background, it makes your eyes pay attention to one colour more and tone down/up the other colour since one is the focus. That's how it works. For tips, I just recommend playing with colours and experimenting. Before painting/colouring (or whatever your doing) get a separate area to test colours together and see what they end up as together. 

Colour Theory #2:

The first thing you wanna do is figure out what it is you're trying to go for, whether it is an outfit, artwork or other things, understanding what you're going for/want will really help, and it's a good way to start. Next, you should learn the basics symbolising of colours, colours on their own and shades, I already told you colour symbolism but here are some examples that could help:

Super bright colours: Playful, Fun, Exciting

Dark colours: Mysterious, scary, mature

Pastels: Cute, Simple, kind

I can't list every single little grouping but here are some things you could do, after figuring out what you're going for, find the main topic, look what that topic is normally associated with. For example, if you're doing a topic in autumn, using colours associated with fall like red, yellow & orange, those would make sense and work quite well. Another example is if you are making a horror story cover, it would be better to use less energetic colours like red & black in darker shades(black isn't considered a colour but we'll just call it that for now) as opposed to bright energetic colours.

 

How colours reflect And absorb + Colour Mixing

In this section, we will be talking about the following:

Wavelengths

Light

Reflection

Absorption 

Wavelength Definition: “The distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave” - Oxford Languages

Light reflects to make colour so it would depend on the wavelengths of the light. There are 7 colours on the spectrum, Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, & red.  

- ThoughtCo. 

“Violet is the most energetic colour and red is the least” -spectroscopy. So, shining different amounts of light with different wavelengths would make up what colour we see.

 Reflections: Light colours reflect, so white reflects the most. White contains and reflects all the colours there are. Light colours, however, get “inflected” and taken over/absorbed more easily. 

Absorption: Dark colours absorb more, so black absorbs the most. Since dark colours absorb and are stronger against other colours/take over other colours more easily. 

 

 Here are 3 levels of colours you'll need to know

Primary: Red, blue & yellow

Secondary: Orange, purple green, primary colours + primary colours

Tertiary colours: primary colours + secondary colours

You'll also need to know black, grey and white, although those are not considered colours, they are very useful. Next, there are shades, tints, tones, and hues. 

Tints: a colour with white added to it

Shade: a colour with black added to it, or just another version of a colour

Hue: a “pure” colour, or just another word for colour, most likely the “original” colour without black or white added to it

Tone: colour + black & white, or just another version of a colour. 

To learn how to properly mix colours and get the results you want, you'll need to know those. Colour is a weird thing, the weirdest colour combos could end up as something totally unexpected. 

The real reason why colours change when mixing them is that when you add some paint, wavelengths are absorbed and mixed together so that the colour will become more or less “energetic”, and for making colours lighter/darker, it's with the tints & shades. Adding red to pink makes it white because white is a tint, red(normal) is a hue, pink Is a lighter version of red, and a white makes colours lighter. But why does adding black make a dark pink instead of red again? That's because adding black is adding a shade, adding black makes a colour darker. Although pink is(can be) a lighter version of red, red isn't really a darker pink. Adding black just makes a colour darker and doesn't change the colour to another, since red would be a hue, adding white/black (kinda) automatically makes the colour no longer a pure hue. 

 

 

DATA ANALYSIS

 

Word:meaning

Retina:  A layer located at the back of your eye, it has two types of cells:rods and cones. It is the main part responsible for what colors you can see. 

Hue:  Hue is just like another word for color, it 's mostly the original and primary + secondary colors. It's a pure color. 

Wavelength:  Space between crests to another crest or from one through another in a wave

Chroma  “Purity or intensity of color” -Oxford languages

Spectrum:   Colors in a specific order, like in the rainbow. Made by different lights & wavelengths. 

Saturation:   How intense a color is in a image

Tint:  Tints are colors with white added to them, for example, light yellow or pastel blue

Shade:  "A Hue or mixture of pure colors to which only black is added” -Beach painting contractors

Analogous colors:   Colours that are close together on a colour wheel and look well together

Tone:   Hue + black & white

Shade:   Hue + black, or different versions of a color. 

Receptor:   "An organization or cell able to respond to light, heat or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve” -Oxford Languages

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Colour group:Colours in the group

Warm colours:   Red, orange, yellow, some browns and it's matchable with black

Cool colours:   Blue, green, purple, & it would also go well with white

Pastels:   Mauve,light pink, baby blue, light purple, light sage green

Dim colours:   Any darkish (not always dark) colours that don't seem to have that much light, and isn't that bright

 

 

 

Conclusion

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So we had our 5 questions about how our eye sees colours,how animals see colours, comparing the two, what colours theory is, & how colours mix. We see colours because light reflects into the eye and that light becomes colour, based on the power and cone cells in our eyes. The animal's eyes also work similarly to us, almost the same. The differences really depend on the animal, some see more & some see less colours, some also have more cones and eye features/parts. Colour theory is how colours can affect you and your opinions/emotions. Colour mixes because when you add a colour on top of another, the wavelengths absorb. We have actually learned white a lot from this project. We learned so much about the eye and some of these parts that we didn't even know the name of before. We've definitely learned more about colour theory too, there's so many different things about colour theory that we never knew. For example, in the past we never knew we saw colours differently in different backgrounds because our cones dismiss part of a specific colour when seeing another. We have also learned a lot about time management and other similar stuff. Overall, we have most definitely learned a lot from this project & experience. 

 

LINKS:

1. Eye Diagram: Harvard eye associates
2. Info: Let's talk science
3. Info: Pantone, Color Fundamentals
4. Info: American Academy Of Ophthalmology
5. Diagram of rods & cones: all about vision
6. Brain & Eye Diagram: Merck Manual
7. Cortex of the brain: WebMd
8. Cortex of the brain:physiopedia
9. Optic nerve : cleveland clinic
10. Iris: CleveLand Clinic
11. Cornea layers image: American Academy of Ophthalmology
12. Iris image : Cleveland Clinic
13. Pupil image: Gene vision
14. Pupil info: Cleveland Clinic
15. Info: Vsp Vision
16. Info: ophthalmic consultants
17. Info: American Academy of ophthalmology
18. Reptile Info: the bio dude
19. Birds info: Kaytee
20. Bird Info: National Wildlife Federation
21. Dog vision vs human vision pic canine vision
22. Fish info: ccmr
23. Fish info: countryfile
24. Info: Sci
25. Info: Spectroscopy
26. Color Theory Definition: Interaction design foundation 
27. Info : 99 designs
28. Info : blog hubspot
29. Colour theory image, colour sample: blog hubspot
30. Info: colour contrast
31. Info: Blog hubspot
32. Info: connecticut
33. Info: artist network
34. Info: Colour wheel artist
35. Amphibians : evergreen
36. Lens:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656279/#:~:text=The%20main%20optical%20function%20of,of%20light%20onto%20the%20retina.
37. Sclera:https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22088-sclera

CYSF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express how interesting and special this project was to us as it was the first of its kind that we, personally, have experienced so far in our lives. We would like to thank our mathematics & science teacher, Ms. Easton for guiding us through our research and overall involvement in this project. Also thanks to our parents for getting us supplies, time, space to work in & adult supervision. We also acknowledge all the sources that we have gotten intel and our research from. Without all these people and things, we wouldn't have anything at all. There is so much that we have learned and enhanced our personal skills & awareness from. This project was a pretty dismaying time, yet still sometimes filled with stress (which is normal). And once again we would like to thank our Maths/Science teacher, Ms. Easton, both our parents and just recognize all the ways and everyone who supported us in this project.