Testable question: How does different piston positions affect the accuracy and movement time of a hydraulic arm when moving an empty soda can from point A to B over a physical barrier under equal constant pressure?  Hypothesis: I think if the piston is closer to the tip of the syringe will be faster and more accurate than having the pistons neaarer to the base

A hydraulic system works with liquids like oil or water . A hydraulic systems are in heavy machinery like in aerospace, construction, gas pumps and some medical devices. Hydraulic systems are more precise but slower and controlled because they use incompressible liquids like water. Pascal's law states when there is a change in pressure the pressure is equally distributed throughout fluid (generally incompressible) and the container walls. It is used to generate control and using pressurized liquids to move heavy items with liquids with precision.

The science behind hydraulics is based on Pascal's law, the multiplication of force, incompressibility of liquids and conservation of energy.

• Pressure applied to the incompressible fluid is transmitted  equally in all directions, allowing pressure to be transferred through the system.

Throughout the system, the force is multiplied by exchanging distance for force, so the energy remains the same due to the conservation of energy.

There are many machines and devices that use hydraulic systems; usually for heavy machinery.

• Construction uses hydraulics because they need high forces but at a controlled speeds.
• A garbage trucks that packs garbage into a confined space and steering wheels use hydraulic to move a heavy load with minimal effort.
• Since airplanes need steer a large plane or land safely they use hydraulic systems to be strong and reliable.
• Stamping out metal sheets and injecting molds need

Pascal’s law composed by Blaise Pascal it states:

• Any pressure applied in a container to an incompressible fluid spreads evenly throughout the fluid and the container
• Pressure = Force/Area

Independent Variables

• Piston attachment position 

Dependent variables

• Movement time from point A to B
• How far the can ends up by the target

Controlled Variables

• Piston diameter and stroke
• Tubing length and size
• Environment
• Weight of load
• Barrier size
• Fluid type
• Fluid Amount
• Same operator 
• Starting and ending positions
• Applied pressure

MATERIALS:

• CARDBOARD
• 10 ml SYRINGES x 8
• 2m long RUBBER TUBE
• TOOTHPICKS/NAILS
• (SUPER)GLUE

TOOLS:

• A pair of scissors/knife
• Zip ties
• Hot glue

The main design is inspired by the hydraulic arm from instructables. The pistons were modified so that some syringes would have plus or minus 25% more water. These allow the different distances between the tip of the piston and the nearer to the base of the syringe. This design tests how mechanical advantage affects precision, movement, speed, and lifting ability when using the arm.

1. We built a hydraulic arm made of cardboard from the Instructables website.
2. We attached the syringes and tubes together and added them to the hydraulic arm structure with glue, toothpicks and zipties 
3. We filled syringes with water 25%, 50%, 75% full
4. Test the arm by applying same pressure to the syringes and record it down
5. Analyze hypothesis with observation and make a conclusion

Which piston position had the fastest average time, and why did they did/did not work The piston position that had the fastest average time was the 50% extended piston, which worked more smoothly and more quickly than the 25% and 75% pistons. Did any piston positions cause any problems? The piston extended at 25% was more jittery and less stable than the pistons that were more extended. The 25% piston cleared the wall 80% of the time. The 75% extended piston experienced more resistance.

Our experiment tested whether different fill levels (25%, 50%, 75% of syringes affect the performance of the arm. When we used 50%, it worked fully and cleared the wall. Which the other 25% and 75% couldn't. Our conclusion is that when we use 50% of the syringe, it worked much better and smoothly. We tested the arm multiple times and it worked times, which shows 50% works the best.

A hydraulic system works with liquids like oil or water . A hydraulic systems are in heavy machinery like in aerospace, construction, gas pumps and some medical devices. Hydraulic systems are more precise but slower and controlled because they use incompressible liquids like water. Pascal's law states when there is a change in pressure the pressure is equally distributed throughout fluid (generally incompressible) and the container walls. It is used to generate control and using pressurized liquids to move heavy items with liquids with precision.

There are many machines and devices that use hydraulic systems; usually for heavy machinery. 

• Construction uses hydraulics because they need high forces but at a controlled speeds. 
• A garbage trucks that packs garbage into a confined space and steering wheels use hydraulic to move a heavy load with minimal effort. 
• Since airplanes need steer a large plane or land safely they use hydraulic systems to be strong and reliable.
• Stamping out metal sheets and injecting molds need

Our errors are not the exact same pressure becuase it is hard to control manually. Another error is bubbles in the tibing and the syringe. Glittery movement in the arms may cause it to slow it down from the resistance between joints. Human reaction time isnt very accurate but the best we can do. The volumes may not have been perfectly measured. Our arm may have not been built perfectly with excess weight in some areas.

Hydraulic arm- https://www.instructables.com/CARDBOARD-Robotic-Hydraulic-Arm/ Template - https://content.instructables.com/F31/XKNJ/J2833KBO/F31XKNJJ2833KBO.pdf?_gl=1gia1h8_gaMzEwOTQ0MDQuMTc1Nzc5NTQ0OQ.._ga_NZSJ72N6RX*czE3Njc2MzMyMjAkbzIkZzEkdDE3Njc2MzMyODAkajYwJGwwJGgw  Materials- https://www.amazon.ca/QWORK-Natural-Surgical-Hospital-Laboratory/dp/B08YN1Z4QC/ref=sxin_15_pa_sp_search_thematic_sspa?content-id=amzn1.sym.b9d3dab1-21dc-45e0-a748-b35e1b3a2d76%3Aamzn1.sym.b9d3dab1-21dc-45e0-a748-b35e1b3a2d76&crid=2KRGBQDGS6O2E&cv_ct_cx=rubber%2Btube%2B4m&keywords=rubber%2Btube%2B4m&pd_rd_i=B08YN1Z4QC&pd_rd_r=72c35ef6-5e86-46b5-ae03-f7116ff16ea3&pd_rd_w=2U8TS&pd_rd_wg=MFFdR&pf_rd_p=b9d3dab1-21dc-45e0-a748-b35e1b3a2d76&pf_rd_r=PPJM2HK5X22Q50KM8NBA&qid=1767633964&sbo=RZvfv%2F%2FHxDF%2BO5021pAnSA%3D%3D&sprefix=rubber%2Btube%2B4m%2Caps%2C136&sr=1-1-0db4faf6-3485-4ed7-80e2-7395e0b5d027-spons&aref=8jxGYdH7kh&sp_csd=d2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9zZWFyY2hfdGhlbWF0aWM&th=  https://www.amazon.ca/MOTUO-Individual-Scientific-Measuring-Refilling/dp/B09VK4CMZT/ref=sr_1_9?crid=39MGYGB8V45HZ&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.r0qPhC8T_ZAJMtVtDWsA1wjG4rKEmlvMeyvhBHDCCo1sLXN4VKtpqgNsjqW-MRrnhSxkh4zJS2A-M8c1XAF9nhZF22CG6wTASqLRDStVFvGYFmjnU3vO7jDvNSUszbPBNWkSBkXE9thiJEWQSZQpJnsXDG_ay5F6wNkTWCuxu47yArm7yM6ojrgQl6ljenex46IP6wOW0u-ymXyAGNWJF6u-vXQp_VN1_PRIlIL5uRw1bAMckzwEOerFtaaCktM1uVcstksmJk5LzPUnWEAY8pYyb_f-o4e4w3vIhC1EvB4.4HfkkDlOs8_NYoKveSctI_mNhqaeiKU-7DTXmcHsYYI&dib_tag=se&keywords=10mL%2Bsyringe&qid=1767633605&s=industrial&sprefix=10ml%2Bsyringe%2Cindustrial%2C191&sr=1-9&th=1  Assembly video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2r9U4wkjcc&t 

We thank our parents for supporting us and buying some materials for us. We thank Mrs. Pepper, our science teacher who gave us this opportunity and guided us along the way. We thank our school Ascenion of our Lord School for givng us a space to work