Lots of people are suffering from diseases, illnesses, injuries, and disabilities that affect how the eye sees. My project is a way for me to learn about these different things so that if one of my friends ever suddenly gets a sore eye I can help them to make sure that it is not severe and if it is we can get sooner help. As I have been told the eye is a complicated organ and I love a good challenge. 

I will be gathering my information from different websites, recording it in my own words, and putting those notes together to create the things I will put on my trifold

• Owl eyes do not move
• Sharks don’t tend to blink
• Worms don’t have eyes
• Scorpions can have up to 12 eyes
• Box jellyfish can have 24 eyes
• Owls are the only bird that can see the color blue
• Snakes have two sets of eyes
• Snakes can detect heat and movement as well as see
• Dolphins sleep with one eye open
• The ostrich eye is bigger than its brain
• Dogs don’t know the difference between red and green
• Some mantis shrimp can see UV light

Cataracts

• A cataract clouds the lens of the eye which is usually clear
• Cataracts make it look like you are looking through a foggy window
• They can make it hard to read, drive, or see people's expressions
• They develop slowly
• Eyeglasses and strong lighting can help with cataracts at first
• Symptoms include: Blurred vision, Trouble seeing at night, sensitivity to light and\or glare, needing brighter light to read, seeing halos around lights, fading of colours, double vision in one eye
• They develop when aging or when an injury damages eye tissue
• As you grow your lens becomes less flexible and less clear
• Aging and past medical surgery can cause the fibers and proteins in the lens to break down and clump together causing a cataract
• As it clouds the lens the light that travels to the retina is lessened causing the image to be blurry.
• They can be in both eyes
• Nuclear cataracts can make objects far away from the eye appear blurry while objects close up are easier to see. They may improve your reading vision. Eventually it may be difficult to tell colors apart. These affect the center of the lens which can turn yellow or brown.
• Cortical cataracts occur in the edges of the eye. They start as streaks in the edges of the lens and over time grow to the center of the lens. 
• Posterior subcapsular cataracts start as a small spots at the back of the lens right in the path of light. These often affect your reading vision. It can also make you see halos around lights at night. These cataracts tend to grow faster than others.
• Congenital cataracts are cataracts that you are born with or develop during childhood. They can be passed down from parents or may associated with a trauma or infection while in the womb. These cataracts usually don’t affect vision and are usually removed after they have been discovered.
• Increasing age, diabetes, getting too much sunlight, smoking, family history of cataracts, previous eye injury or inflammation, previous eye surgery, and drinking excessive amounts of alcohol are all things that can contribute to cataracts. 
• Some things that can prevent cataracts are regular eye exams, not smoking, fixing other health problems, choose a healthy diet, wear sunglasses, and reduce alcohol consumption.

Optic disc

• The optic disc is where the retina and optic nerve connect
• The optic disc is also known as the optic nerve head
• There are two main areas in the retina, the macula and peripheral retina
• The macula is in the center of the eye and is responsible for seeing things that are directly in front of you
• The peripheral retina takes up the rest of the retina and is responsible to your peripheral vision
• Peripheral vision is the things that you see that are not right in front of you, for example if you were looking at your nose you would be using your peripheral vision
• Rods and cones are photoreceptors
• The optic disc is a round area at the border of the macula and peripheral retina
• The optic disc can be yellow, pink, or orange
• It is the only spot on the retina that is not covered in photoreceptors. This makes it a blind spot
• There is an indent in the center of the optic disc that is called the physiologic cup. This is where the optic nerve connects to the retina
• The photoreceptors turn light into electrical signals
• Those signals travel to the optic disc then go through the optic nerve to the occipital lobe

Vitreous Body

The vitreous body is also known as the vitreous fluid and is a clear gel-like substance in the eye

When light enters the eye

Light enters the eye through the pupil which is controlled by the iris. It then goes through the lens which bends and changes shape to help the light focus on the retina which is at the back of the eye. The retina is covered in two types of special cells: Rods and cones. Rods help you to see light shape and movement while cones are used to help spot and identify color. These cells are also known as photoreceptors and they turn the light that enters the eye into electrical signals. The retina sends the light through the retina to the optic disc. The optic disc sends the electrical signals through the optic nerve to the back of the brain also known as the occipital lobe. The brain then translates the electrical signals into an image of what you are seeing. 

AMD

• Affects your ability to see straight
• Affects your macula which is why it is called macular degeneration
• Affects your ability to see fine detail
• Common cause of vision loss for people over 50
• It can also make it harder to see faces clearly and drive
• It degenerates the macula
• Degeneration is the process of something lowering in effectiveness
• The macula is tissue
• There are two types of AMD: wet and dry AMD
• Dry AMD is when the macula thins and proteins called drusen to form and gather around the macula
• Dry AMD is more common
• Wet AMD is where blood can leak from blood vessels that have abnormally grown under the retina
• Tissue damage occurs more rapidly and vision loss comes sooner
• Dry AMD has no treatment but it does less damage
• Wet AMD can be treated by slowing the growth of the abnormal blood vessels

Orbit (eye socket)

• Size of a golf ball
• 7 bones: frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine 
• There are lots of openings between the bones that allow veins and nerves to pass through
• Keeps the eye in place and shielded
• Surrounded by the forehead, temple, cheeks, and nose

TED

• Causes inflammation that damages tissue, muscles, and skin around the eyes
• It is an autoimmune disease meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks a healthy part of the body
• Cause the eyes to bulge which can cause double vision or 
• There are two phases: the active and inactive phases
• The active phase of TED symptoms get worse. This happens over the course of 6-30 months
• The inactive phase of TED is where the disease progress has stopped but symptoms and changes may still occur
• May occur with other thyroid diseases
• Your thyroid is at the front of your neck
• More common in women
• Other symptoms can include eyes popping out, eye redness or eyelid swelling, sensitivity to light, watery eyes or strabismus (crossed eyes)
• In more severe cases you may find yourself unable to move your eyes or you may be a victim to vision loss

Eyes and blue light

• Blue light has lots of energy
• Sunlight contains blue light
• When you are outside or under your house lights or on a device you are being exposed to blue light
• Eyes are not very good at filtering blue light. Almost all blue light that enters your eye gets through to the retina
• Blue light on its own can be harmful but full spectrum light might not
• Some photoreceptor cells that are known as RPE react negatively to blue light showing their decreases of successful work
• RPE cells stands for retinal pigment epithelial cells
• Epithelial cells are cells that are on the outside of skin or other things
• Blue light has short wavelengths
• Could possibly be a factor in cataracts, dry eyes, and AMD
• MCs also known as muller cells are another type of cell that is on the retina. They do not react much when exposed to light.

Eyelids

The purpose of the eyelid is to keep the eye clean. It does precisely that when it blinks. It also keeps the eye protected and to prevent foreign object from entering the eye. 

Eye lash

The eyelashes are here to prevent dust and other small things from blowing into the eye

Eyebrow

The eyebrow is here to prevent dust and things like sweat from sliding down and entering your eye

Retinal scan identification

When you look at a retinal scan you will see two very important features. One is the macula and one is the optic disc. The optic disc looks like yellow oval with blood vessels spreading out from it on a retinal scan and the macula looks like a cloudy black spot on a retinal scan. On the left eye the optic disc is positioned to the left of the macula and on the right eye retinal scan they optic disc is positioned to the right of the macula.

Disease

There are lots of different types of disease, some of them include

• Mental
• Physical
• Infectious
• Social
• Non-infectious
• Deficiency
• Degenerative -> AMD is a degenerative disease
• Self-inflicted
• Inherited -> cataracts can sometimes be inherited diseases
• Autoimmune -> TED is an autoimmune disease
• Progressive -> Myopia is an example

Orbital Fractures

• When one or more of the bones that make up your eye socket break it is called an orbital fracture
• There are different types of orbital fractures
• The most common cause can be a car accident or getting hit or punched in the face near your eye
• A blowout fracture is the most common type of orbital fracture. It affects the floor or inner wall of your orbit
• An orbital rim fracture is where the outer rim of your orbit gets broken. The bone there is very thick so it takes more force to break it
• An orbital floor fracture is where the bones at the outer rim of the eye get pushed backwards and the bones that are at the floor of the orbit move down
• Sometimes there can be symptoms but mostly it just really hurts
• Some possible symptoms include, double, blurred, or decreased vision, swelling, bruising, sunken or bulging eyes, and more
• A way to help protect yourself against orbital fractures is to wear safety gear like a helmet when you are biking or riding a motorcycle or a seatbelt in the car

Nearsightedness

• For people with nearsightedness it is easy to see things that are close up but people will really have to strain to try to see what is far away
• It is also known as myopia
• Could have been a childhood development or the cause of the lens and cornea being too close together
• It is a progressive disease meaning it can get worse
• Can lead to things like glaucoma or posterior subcapsular cataracts

Farsightedness

• Also called hyperopia or hypermetropia
• Allows you to see far objects easily but it is hard to see things that are up close
• This happens when light is focused behind the retina

Crossed eyes ( strabismus )

• This is what happens when the eyes do not have proper alignment
• It only affects one eye but the eyes might alternate being off center
• The brain ignores the misaligned eye which can cause lazy eye in the ignored eye
• When the fact that the eyes are misaligned and it is very obvious this is called large angle strabismus. This does not cause headaches or eye strain because the brain is not trying to realign the eyes
• Less noticeable strabismus is called small angle strabismus and it can cause pain when you read as well as shaky eyes or tiredness when reading
• Your misaligned eye can be facing inward (esotropia), outward (exotropia), up (hypertropia), or down (hypotropia)
• Commonly starts at childhood
• Strabismus is caused when your extraocular muscles lose some of their control
• It may also run in the family

Extraocular muscles

• 6 muscles that control the eye movement and position
• For binocular vision they must work in perfect alignment with the extraocular muscles in the other eye

Occipital lobe damage

• Consequences of vision loss can include:
  • Hard time locating objects
  • Hard time with identifying colour
  • Hallucinations 
  • Inaccurately seeing objects
  • Inability to recognise words
  • Hard time recognizing drawings 
  • Inability to recognize the movement of an object
  • Difficulties with reading and writing
• Result of vehicle crashes, someone punching you, falls, and firearms
• To prevent wear a seatbelt, make sure children are safe in a car, wear helmets when biking, riding a motorcycle, etc, wearing a helmet when playing contact sports, remove tripping hazards in your own home use non slip things, and avoiding fights.

Glaucoma

• This damages the optic nerve
• A common risk factor is pressure in the eye putting too much stress on the optic disc
• To much pressure on the cells near here can damage or kill them
• Those cells with never recover or come back so vision loss is permanent
• Pressure may never be the reason. You can get it with no pressure or not get it with lots of pressure
• IOP (intraocular pressure) is one of the most common risk factors. Lots of types of glaucoma happen because IOP gets too high
• Things like the size and thickness of the eye wall can also contribute to causing glaucoma
• IOP is the amount of outward stress coming from the fluids inside your eye on its internal walls. These are huge contributors to maintaining the shape of the eye.
• Eyes are filled with 2 types of fluid, the vitreous and aqueous fluids. They both provide nutrients to the eye
• The vitreous humor fills the vitreous cavity which is the space between the eye and the lens. It helps with eye shape and retina support
• The aqueous humor fills the anterior chamber which is between the cornea and iris. This stuff is constantly being produced. It flows in and out of the front of the eye refreshing itself
• If the aqueous humors ability to drain is slowed pressure can build up in the eye
• If a doctor measures IOP they are measuring the pressure of your aqueous humor
• Open-angle glaucoma is where outflow problems are farther along the drainage pathway
• Narrow-angle glaucoma is when the drainage is either narrow or closed
• Normal tension glaucoma is when outflow is completely normal
• Secondary glaucoma can be open or narrow angle but is the result of a previous injury

Blindness

• You can’t see
• Cannot correct vision
• Must seek help immediately
• Partial blindness is where you have some vision 
• Complete blindness is where you can’t see or detect light
• congenital blindness is where you have inherited retinal and eye conditions you are born with
• Sometimes preventable or curable
• Glasses and contacts will not help you
• Can be the result of a previous eye injury
• Can make you only see shapes
• Nutritional blindness is where you get vision loss from a lack of vitamin A. It can damage the front surface of the eye and make it harder to see at night because retinal cells won’t function as well
• Blindness is something that can happen to anyone
• Blindness can make your eyes hurt or see black spots in your vision
• Chemicals, fights, accidents, and crashes are all things that can cause blindness
• Some infectious diseases can also cause blindness but non infectious ones can too whether or not related to the eye
• To help prevent blindness try the following: regular eye exams, healthy diet, wear protective gear, stay fit, avoid eye infections, get other eye and health problems treated

Stye

• Painful red lump on the eyelid
• Forms when an oil gland is blocked and becomes infected
• They are very common
• Sometimes easy to manage but might need a doctor
• Can look like acne (pimple) 
• Tender to touch
• Usually lasts for a few weeks
• If it lasts longer than a few weeks you may need to see a doctor so it can be drained
• Styes can be confused with chalazions which are more painless bumps further up on the eyelid 
• External styes are on the outside of your eyelid and are more common. They are usually caused by an infection in an eyelash follicle
• Internal styes occur on the inside of your eyelid (the side facing the eye)
• Styes are quite common
• More common in adults because oil in an adult's oil gland is thicker which gives it a higher chance to get blocked up
• Symptoms can include: eyelid swelling, crusting on your eye lid, sensitivity to light, itchiness, soreness, tears, and a feeling like there is something in your eye
• Styes are not contagious but bacteria from them can spread so don’t touch a stye
• People who have had a stye before as well as people with diabetes or dry skin are more likely to develop a stye
• Using a warm compress is most likely to help you get rid of a stye
• Don't pop a stye because it can cause infection
• Other ways to help get rid of a stye includes: keeping your eyelid clean, not touching or rubbing your eyelid, and not wearing makeup

Color blindness

• Colors are harder to see
• Some cones (photoreceptors that help you see color) are missing, damaged, or working incorrectly
• Still able to see some colors but not as many as some other people
• Rarer cases of color blindness may result in not seeing color at all
• There are 3 types on cones: red sensing (L), blue sensing (S), and green sensing(M). Most people are born with all 3
• With color blindness one or more of those cells are not functioning
• Trichromacy is where all your cones are working properly
• Anomalous trichromacy is where you have all 3 cones but one is not as sensitive as it should be, meaning you may confuse pale colors or vibrant colors. These types have names ending with ‘anomaly’
• Dichromacy is where you are missing one of your cone types entirely. The two cones left are usually S (red sensing) and L (blue sensing) or S (red sensing) and M (green sensing). It is hard to tell the difference between fully saturated colors. These types have names ending with ‘anopia’
• Monochromacy is where you only have one type of cone or none at all. You can barely see any color and see the world in shades of gray
•  
• Red-green color deficiency
• Most common type of color blindness 
• Makes it very hard to see red, green, and colors with red and green
• Protanopia is where your L cones are missing so you cannot see red light. You usually see colors in shades of blue and gold. Red may be confused with black. Dark brown may also be confused with other dark colors
• Deuteranopia is where your M cones are missing. You see mainly blues and golds. You can also confuse some reds and greens or yellows and greens
• Protanomaly is where you L cones are less sensitive to red light and you may confuse red with dark shades of gray. Colors containing red might be less bright 
• Deuteranomaly is where you have all 3 cone types but you M cones are less sensitive to green light. You see blues yellows and more muted colors
• More common among men
•  
• Blue-Yellow color deficiency
• Less common
• Tritanopia is where you have no M cells so you cannot see blue light. You usually see reds, light blues, pinks, and lavenders
• Tritanomaly is where your S cones are less sensitive to light. Blues look green and you see hardly any yellow
• Equally common in both women and men

• COLOR BLINDNESS

• Blue cone monochromacy is the rarest type of color blindness and is where you don’t have working L or M cones. It is hard to tell the difference between colors and you will see mostly in shades of gray. You might also have a sensitivity to light or nearsightedness
• Rod monochromacy is when most of your cones are missing or don’t work properly. Everything looks gray and you also have other vision problems
• Either inherited or gotten later in life
• If it is gotten later in life it could be the result of exposure to nervous system damaging chemicals or other nerve damaging diseases

Cataract treatment

• Remove the lens
• Replacement lens is artificial
• Don’t always replaced
• Surgery is done by an ophthalmologist
• Common and generally safe
• Risks include: swelling, infection, bleeding, drooping eyelid, artificial lens moving out of place, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and vision loss
• First your pupil is dilated with eye drops and you may also be given a sedative
• Phacoemulsification is where your opthamologist makes a small cut in your cornea, inserts a thin probe into your lens. The probe uses ultrasound waves to break up the lens and suction out the fragments. The back of your lens is left intact so the artificial lens can still be implanted. Stitches close up the cut in the lens
• Extracapsular cataract extraction is where the lens is removed whole and the implant is put in. This type of surgery requires a larger cut in the cornea and more stitches to close it
• After surgery vision may be blurry as you adjust to the new lens. 
• Colors will look brighter after
• It is normal for your eye to feel itchy but don’t push or rub your eye
• After surgery check in with your doctor to monitor healing

AMD treatment

Wet AMD

• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections are where opthamologists inject a medication to prevent the growth of abnormal blood vessels
• Photodynamic therapy is where your opthamologist injects you with a drug that interacts with light. Then they use lasers and cause a chemical reaction that destroy the abnormal blood vessels

Dry AMD

• Your doctor will recommend different vitamins and to quit smoking (if you smoke) as well as regular exercise

TED treatment

• Eye drops, selenium supplements, and drinking aloe vera juice are all things that can help you get rid of or reduce TED
• Anti-inflammatory drugs can also help
• Teprotumumab is a medicine that specifically treats TED
• Quit smoking
• Radiation therapy can also help get rid of TED
• Eyelid surgery: tight eyelids prevent your eyelids from coming over the cornea which can lead to corneal damage
• Your doctor might recommend eye muscle treatment to help correct double vision which may take more than one surgery
• Orbital decompression surgery is a way to relieve pressure on the optic nerve by making the orbit larger or taking away excess tissue. It lessens bulging of the eye and is usually done before other surgeries 

Orbital fracture treatment

• May heal on its own
• Ice pack can help
• Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics or decongestants
• While injury heals avoid blowing nose because it can cause swelling
• If the fracture is severe you may need surgery
• After surgery you might have swelling or bruising for the a couple days. Your vision might also be blurry

Farsightedness treatment

• Eyeglasses and contact lenses both change the way that the light focuses on your retina so you can see up close
• Some surgeries to cure hyperopia include LASIK eye surgery which uses a laser to reshape your cornea. There is also refractive lens exchange which switches out your lens for an artificial one

Nearsightedness treatment

• Glasses and contacts help correct myopia to see distance clearer
• Ortho-K or CRT are temporary corneal refraction contact lenses you wear to bed that reshape your cornea so you can see daily
• LASIK also corrects myopia but cutting open a flap in the cornea , reshaping the corneal tissue, and closing the flap
• LASEK is like LASIK except the outer layers of the cornea are reshaped
• PRK is a surgery that cuts off the top layer of your cornea and uses a layer to reshape the surface so light can focus on the retina. The top layer of your cornea will grow back in a few weeks
• Phakic intraocular lenses are for people who have corneas that are too thin for PRK or LASIK. You get intraocular lenses placed in your eye in front of your real lens

Strabismus Treatment

• Eyeglasses and contacts can help your eyes focus
• Prism lenses are special lenses that bend light entering your eye to get rid of double vision
• Eye exercises can help you
• Some medications can weaken an overactive eye muscle
• Patching can help you strengthen your eyes if they have strabismus
• Eye muscle surgery can change the position of the extraocular muscles to realign your eyes correctly

Eye Exam

• Check your sight/health
• Not all alike depending on different diseases or health of eye
• Sometimes more specific
• General exam: happen regularly to check in on your eye health
• Follow up: like a general exam except they are to check in on a disease
• Emergency exams: happen when something that may be extreme such as vision loss
• You usually get your pupils dilated
• You need to bring on your current glasses/contacts/previous prescriptions
• You will get asked questions about changes on your vision and if you have had surgery recently how you are feeling after it
• After an exam you will get a prescription 
• After an exam your optometrist will also tell you about how the exam went and when and if you need a follow up or surgery

Steps of an eye exam

Visual activity: This checks how well your vision is most commonly using a snellen eye chart

Visual fields: checks each section in your field of vision making sure there are no blind spots that should not be there

Movement and alignment: checks if your eyes are aligned properly and if they move properly. It tests each eye individually and both together

Conjunctiva: checks your conjunctiva

Surrounding outer tissue: check the part of your face surrounding the eye that aren’t the eye itself

Pupil and iris: checks how the pupil and iris respond to light

Intraocular pressure: this checks the pressure of your eye with a puff of air against the surface of your eye

Slit lenses are used to look inside of your eye

 Cornea: using a slit lamp checks if it is in good condition

Anterior chamber: using a slit lamp the pressure and structure of your anterior chamber

Lens: check the lenses clarity and structure

Optic nerve: check to see if the optic disc and physiologic cup are properly functioning

 Retina: use a slit lamp to check for wrinkles and colour changes 

Checks how your brain is functioning by asking simple questions such as ‘do you know where you are’ or ‘do you know what time and date it is’. Although they may seem pointless the function of the brain can contribute to eye health

 

 

In conclusion there is a vast amount of diseases that can negatively impact the eye. Some symptoms can be terrible, but those ones tend to be less common. The severities differentiate between moderate and severe and depend on the condition. There are also lots of ways to help treat and cure these diseases although some heal on their own. I think it was very good for me to learn about this as my science fair topic as it benefits me and expands my knowledge. Up until I did this project I did not know I was farsighted or that I have strabismus but I am now aware and understand my conditions.

 

 

 

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Thank you to Mom, Dad, and Mr.Z. There is no way I could have done this without them. I would also like to thank Wade for helping get supplies for my model/printing stuff off and Papa for giving me his image of his stye. In addition I want to thank my friends and everone else who gave me feedback and listened to my project.