We believe that the lemon will produce the most electricity because they are more commonly used in making batteries and more popular and well known. We believe that the grapefruit will produce the least amount of electricity because of its low citric acid contents.

• Lemon batteries use atoms and ions to generate voltage.           
• The juice in the lemon contains citric acid that reacts with water in the lemon juice and releases positive hydrogen ions that oxidise the zinc atoms and releases negative electrons in a reaction called redox.
• The atoms that have been oxidised are then dissolved by the acidic lemon juice .
• The free floating electrons go up into the wire attracted by the copper which is more conductive
• The hydrogen ions in the citric acid attract the electrons that have entered the copper repeatedly and complete the circuit.
• Ions are different than atoms because they have a electrical charge which is defined by protons and electrons, if a ion has more electrons than protons it is a negative ion but if it has more protons than electrons it is a positive ion.
• The citric acid dissolves into positive ions because some acid (in this case citric acid) contain hydrogen atoms that are attracted to electromagnetic substances like oxygen which makes it easy for a base like water to separate the atoms from the substance without the electron, making them positive ions.
• Every material has a different atomic combination, for example hydrogen has a atomic combination of one proton zero neutrons and one electron.
• Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom with electrons being found hovering around the nucleus.
• Lemon batteries and potato batteries are very similar in the ways they work, they just use different components like phosphoric acid instead of citric acid.
• Potato batteries also use salts like potassium chloride to produce electricity.
• Potato batteries use different ions too like potassium ions, sodium ions, and chloride ions.
• There are also some other key differences between potato batteries and lemon batteries like pH levels, potatoes have a lower pH level whilst lemon’s have a higher pH because potatoes use phosphoric acid which is much less acidic than the citric acid that potatoes use.
• Potatoes are also very reactive to how you prepare them, if you boil them or change them their electricity output will vary.
• The output also varies in general with them having a problems keeping the current stable because of low acidity and denser material
• These things matter because the acidity controls how fast the redox reaction happens and a higher density means more juice which makes more electricity

• (Controlled) In our experiment our controlled variable was using the same procedure and preparation.
• (Manipulated) Our manipulated variable was the fruit that we used.
• (Responding) Because we changed the fruit we got different voltages

We will stick zinc and copper rods into the fruit making sure the length between the rods stays the same. We will also try to cut down the fruit until each of them is in a general weight.

• The lemon showed very high voltage results and gave us some basic fundamentals to follow 
• When we did the test we had to position all the fruit in a way that the probes on the multimeter would not move to get the best reading

• Once we put the probes on the zinc and copper rods it took about 30 seconds for the numbers to stabilize giving us a system of using the highest number it rested on for 1-2 seconds as our voltage.

• The lime was similar to the lemon in voltage and was quicker with the multimeter to stabilize 

• After the test we used some leftover bigger fruit to test if bigger meant better and found out that the size did not matter

• The grapefruit showed the worst results which was expected due to its low citric acid content

• It was the the fastest to get a accurate reading on the multimeter.

• The potato did not  produce the most overall electricity and was very up and down with the voltage

• We noticed that the center of the potato was the best producer

• This means that if you used a whole potato instead of slices you would probably get a much higher current and be the best producer out of the four

Lemon test 1: 96.7mV test 2: 85.4mV test 3 94.2mV

Lime test 1: 83.3mV test 2: 85.5mV test 3: 88.1mV

Grapefruit test 1: 88.4mV test 2: 88.4mV test 3: 53.2mV

Potato test 1: 76.7mV test 2: 1.212V test 3: 62.3mV

We believe we got these results because of citric acid contents and juice contents. The lemon had the highest amount of citric acid and a pretty high amount of juice so it performed the best out of the acidic fruits. We think the potato had the highest results in the middle because of the amount of juice acid and salt that was located there.

• The potato was the best producer if you were to lazy to cut up the lemon.
• Lemon batteries rely on atoms, ions, and chemical reactions to function.
• Many hidden factors can determine production and repeatability.
• Fruit batteries can’t produce much but when multiplied can power small lights.
• Grapefruit was the least productive fruit in our test.

This experiment doesn't mean much because the experiment has been done before, but it showed me how electricity and voltage works and showed me never to count on a fruit battery for high amounts of electricity.

Researching too much When we began the experiment we started learning what would give us the most even result so we changed a couple things after we 1-2 tests

• Google
• Google Ai
• Credit to: Adam Dove
• https://laurentienne.ca/assets/files/Goodman/ETF/ETF_Lesson4ENG_The%20Power%20of%20Fruit%20INFOGRAPHIC%20Sept2024.pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid#:\~:text=Citric%20acid%20occurs%20in%20a,/L%20in%20the%20juices).
• wikipedia
• https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+make+a+lemon+battery&rlz=1CAPNTQ_enCA1180&oq=how+to+make+a+lemon+&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgDEAAYgAQyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQABiABDIHCAIQABiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIHCAcQABiABDIHCAgQABiABDIHCAkQABiABNIBCjEyODg4ajBqMTWoAgiwAgHxBcwoXMWop3Um8QXMKFzFqKd1Jg&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on

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